Inter-individual performance differences in the stop-signal task are associated with fibre-specific microstructure of the fronto-basal-ganglia circuit in healthy children

Cortex ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervyn Singh ◽  
Ian Fuelscher ◽  
Jason He ◽  
Vicki Anderson ◽  
Timothy J. Silk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Performance Differences

scholarly journals Associations of Hyperactivity and Inattention Scores with Theta and Beta Oscillatory Dynamics of EEG in Stop-Signal Task in Healthy Children 7–10 Years Old

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 946
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Bocharov ◽  
Alexander N. Savostyanov ◽  
Helena R. Slobodskaya ◽  
Sergey S. Tamozhnikov ◽  
Evgeny A. Levin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Natural Variability ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Oscillatory Dynamics ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
Arousal Model

In the current study, we aimed to investigate the associations between the natural variability in hyperactivity and inattention scores, as well as their combination with EEG oscillatory responses in the Stop-Signal task in a sample of healthy children. During performance, the Stop-Signal task EEGs were recorded in 94 Caucasian children (40 girls) from 7 to 10 years. Hyperactivity/inattention and inattention scores positively correlated with RT variability. Hyperactivity/inattention and inattention scores negatively correlated with an increase in beta spectral power in the first 200 ms after presentation of the Go stimulus. Such results are in line with the lack of arousal model in ADHD children and can be associated with less sensory arousal in the early stages of perception in children with symptoms of inattention. The subsequent greater increase in theta rhythm at about 300 ms after presentation of the Go stimulus in children with higher inattention scores may be associated with increased attention processes and compensation for insufficient vigilance in the early stages of perception.

scholarly journals Errors in action timing and inhibition facilitate learning by tuning distinct mechanisms in the underlying decision process

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Dunovan ◽  
Timothy Verstynen
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Action Execution ◽  
And Control ◽  
Action Timing

AbstractGoal-directed behavior requires integrating action selection processes with learning systems that adapt control using environmental feedback. These functions intersect in the basal ganglia (BG), which has at least two targets of plasticity: a dopaminergic modulation of striatal pathways and cortical modulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Dual learning mechanisms suggests that feedback signals have a multifaceted impact on BG-dependent decisions. Using a hybrid of accumulation-to-bound decision models and reinforcement learning, we modeled the performance of humans in a stop-signal task where participants (N=75) learned the prior distribution of the timing of a stop signal through trial-and-error feedback. Changes in the drift-rate of the action execution process were driven by errors in action timing, whereas adaptation in the boundary height served to increase caution following failed stops. These findings highlight two interactive learning mechanisms for adapting the control of goal-directed actions based on dissociable dimensions of feedback error.Author SummaryMany complex behavioral goals rely on one’s ability to regulate the timing of action execution while also maintaining enough control to cancel actions in response to “Stop” cues in the environment. Here we examined how these two fundamental components of behavior become tuned to the control demands of the environment by combining principles of reinforcement learning with accumulator models of decision making. The synthesis of these two theoretical frameworks is motivated by previous work showing that reinforcement learning and control rely on overlapping circuitry in the basal ganglia. Leveraging knowledge about the interaction of learning and control signals in this network, we formulated a computational model in which performance feedback is used to modulate key mechanisms of the decision process to facilitate goal acquisition. Model-based analysis of behavioral data collected on an adaptive stop-signal task revealed two critical learning mechanisms: one that adjusts the accumulation rate of the “Go” signal to errors in action timing and another that exercises caution by raising the height of the execution boundary after a failed Stop trial. We show how these independent learning mechanisms interact over the course of learning, shedding light on the behavioral effects plasticity in different pathways of the basal ganglia.

scholarly journals Stimulation of the Subthalamic Region Facilitates the Selection and Inhibition of Motor Responses in Parkinson's Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg ◽  
Geert J. M. van Boxtel ◽  
Maurits W. van der Molen ◽  
D. Andries Bosch ◽  
Johannes D. Speelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Ventral Intermediate Nucleus

The aim of the present study was to specify the involvement of the basal ganglia in motor response selection and response inhibition. Two samples were studied. The first sample consisted of patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) who received deep-brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The second sample consisted of patients who received DBS for the treatment of PD or essential tremor (ET) in the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim). Stop-signal task and go/no-go task performances were studied in both groups. Both groups performed these tasks with (on stimulation) and without (off stimulation) DBS to address the question of whether stimulation is effective in improving choice reaction time (RT) and stop-signal RT. The results show that DBS of the STN was associated with significantly enhanced inhibitory control, as indicated by shorter stop-signal RTs. An additional finding is that DBS of the STN led to significantly shorter choice RT. The effects of DBS on responding and response inhibition were functionally independent. Although DBS of the Vim did not systematically affect task performance in patients with ET, a subgroup of Vim-stimulated PD patients showed enhanced stop-signal RTs in on stimulation versus off stimulation. This result suggests that the change in performance to stop signals may not be directly related to STN function, but rather results from a change in PD function due to DBS in general. The findings are discussed in terms of current functional and neurobiological models that relate basal ganglia function to the selection and inhibition of motor responses.

scholarly journals Effects of rTMS of Pre-Supplementary Motor Area on Fronto Basal Ganglia Network Activity during Stop-Signal Task

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 4813-4823 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Watanabe ◽  
R. Hanajima ◽  
Y. Shirota ◽  
R. Tsutsumi ◽  
T. Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Stop Signal Task

scholarly journals Perceptual Degradation Affects Stop-Signal Performance in Normal Healthy Adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria V. Soloveva ◽  
Sharna D. Jamadar ◽  
Matthew Hughes ◽  
Dennis Velakoulis ◽  
Govinda Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Race Model ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Horse Race ◽  
Horse Race Model

AbstractDuring stop-signal task performance, little is known how the quality of visual information of the ‘go’ stimuli may indirectly affect the interplay between the ‘go’ and ‘stop’ processes. In this study, we assessed how perceptual degradation of the visual ‘go’ stimuli affect response inhibition. Twenty-six healthy individuals (mean age 33.34 ± 9.61) completed a modified 12-minute stop-signal task, where ‘V’ and ‘Y’ letters were used as visual ‘go’ stimuli. The stimuli were subjected to four levels of perceptual degradation using Gaussian smoothing, to parametrically manipulate stop difficulty across low, intermediate-1, intermediate-2 and high difficulty conditions. On 33% of trials, the stop-signal (50ms audio tone) followed a ‘go’ stimulus after a stop-signal delay, which was individually adjusted for each participant. As predicted, we found that with increased level of stop difficulty (little perceptual degradation), reaction times on ‘go’ trials and the proportion of successful behavioural inhibitions on ‘stop’ trials (P(i)) decreased in normal healthy adults. Contrary to our predictions, there was no effect of increased stop difficulty on the number of correct responses on ‘go’ trials and reaction times on ‘stop’ trials. Overall, manipulation of the completion time of the ‘go’ process via perceptual degradation has been partially successful, whereby increased stop difficulty differentially affected P(i) and SSRT. These findings have implications for the relationship between the ‘go’ and ‘stop’ processes and the horse-race model, which may be limited in explaining the role of various cortico-basal ganglia loops in modulation of response inhibition.HighlightsManipulation of the completion time of the ‘go’ process is partially successfulPerceptual degradation differentially affects stop-signal performanceIncreased stop difficulty (easy ‘go’) results in lower P(i)Increased stop difficulty (easy ‘go’) has no effect on SSRTHorse-race model does not fully explain basal ganglia involvement in inhibition

scholarly journals Inhibitory Control on a Stop Signal Task in Tourette Syndrome before and after Deep Brain Stimulation of the Internal Segment of the Globus Pallidus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Francesca Morreale ◽  
Zinovia Kefalopoulou ◽  
Ludvic Zrinzo ◽  
Patricia Limousin ◽  
Eileen Joyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Deep Brain

As part of the first randomized double-blind trial of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus (GPi) in Tourette syndrome, we examined the effect of stimulation on response initiation and inhibition. A total of 14 patients with severe Tourette syndrome were recruited and tested on the stop signal task prior to and after GPi-DBS surgery and compared to eight age-matched healthy controls. Tics were significantly improved following GPi-DBS. The main measure of reactive inhibition, the stop signal reaction time did not change from before to after surgery and did not differ from that of healthy controls either before or after GPi-DBS surgery. This suggests that patients with Tourette syndrome have normal reactive inhibition which is not significantly altered by GPi-DBS.

scholarly journals Is motor inhibition involved in the processing of sentential negation? An assessment via the Stop-Signal Task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Montalti ◽  
Marta Calbi ◽  
Valentina Cuccio ◽  
Maria Alessandra Umiltà ◽  
Vittorio Gallese
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Sentential Negation ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Methodological Considerations

AbstractIn the last decades, the embodied approach to cognition and language gained momentum in the scientific debate, leading to evidence in different aspects of language processing. However, while the bodily grounding of concrete concepts seems to be relatively not controversial, abstract aspects, like the negation logical operator, are still today one of the main challenges for this research paradigm. In this framework, the present study has a twofold aim: (1) to assess whether mechanisms for motor inhibition underpin the processing of sentential negation, thus, providing evidence for a bodily grounding of this logic operator, (2) to determine whether the Stop-Signal Task, which has been used to investigate motor inhibition, could represent a good tool to explore this issue. Twenty-three participants were recruited in this experiment. Ten hand-action-related sentences, both in affirmative and negative polarity, were presented on a screen. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction of the Go Stimulus (an arrow) and to withhold their response when they heard a sound following the arrow. This paradigm allows estimating the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT), a covert reaction time underlying the inhibitory process. Our results show that the SSRT measured after reading negative sentences are longer than after reading affirmative ones, highlighting the recruitment of inhibitory mechanisms while processing negative sentences. Furthermore, our methodological considerations suggest that the Stop-Signal Task is a good paradigm to assess motor inhibition’s role in the processing of sentence negation.

scholarly journals Effect of obesity on inhibitory control in preadolescents during stop-signal task. An event-related potentials study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela C. Alatorre-Cruz ◽  
Heather Downs ◽  
Darcy Hagood ◽  
Seth T. Sorensen ◽  
D. Keith Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Related Potentials

scholarly journals Cortical silent period reflects individual differences in action stopping performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Paci ◽  
Giulio Di Cosmo ◽  
Mauro Gianni Perrucci ◽  
Francesca Ferri ◽  
Marcello Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Silent Period ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Cortical Silent Period ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time

AbstractInhibitory control is the ability to suppress inappropriate movements and unwanted actions, allowing to regulate impulses and responses. This ability can be measured via the Stop Signal Task, which provides a temporal index of response inhibition, namely the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). At the neural level, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) allows to investigate motor inhibition within the primary motor cortex (M1), such as the cortical silent period (CSP) which is an index of GABAB-mediated intracortical inhibition within M1. Although there is strong evidence that intracortical inhibition varies during action stopping, it is still not clear whether differences in the neurophysiological markers of intracortical inhibition contribute to behavioral differences in actual inhibitory capacities. Hence, here we explored the relationship between intracortical inhibition within M1 and behavioral response inhibition. GABABergic-mediated inhibition in M1 was determined by the duration of CSP, while behavioral inhibition was assessed by the SSRT. We found a significant positive correlation between CSP’s duration and SSRT, namely that individuals with greater levels of GABABergic-mediated inhibition seem to perform overall worse in inhibiting behavioral responses. These results support the assumption that individual differences in intracortical inhibition are mirrored by individual differences in action stopping abilities.

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