Sex differences in language asymmetry are age-dependent and small: A large-scale, consonant–vowel dichotic listening study with behavioral and fMRI data

Cortex ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1910-1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Hirnstein ◽  
René Westerhausen ◽  
Maria S. Korsnes ◽  
Kenneth Hugdahl
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Age Dependent

Sex differences in white adipose tissue expansion: emerging molecular mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (24) ◽  
pp. 2691-2708
Author(s):  
Simon T. Bond ◽  
Anna C. Calkin ◽  
Brian G. Drew
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Genomic Association ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract The escalating prevalence of individuals becoming overweight and obese is a rapidly rising global health problem, placing an enormous burden on health and economic systems worldwide. Whilst obesity has well described lifestyle drivers, there is also a significant and poorly understood component that is regulated by genetics. Furthermore, there is clear evidence for sexual dimorphism in obesity, where overall risk, degree, subtype and potential complications arising from obesity all differ between males and females. The molecular mechanisms that dictate these sex differences remain mostly uncharacterised. Many studies have demonstrated that this dimorphism is unable to be solely explained by changes in hormones and their nuclear receptors alone, and instead manifests from coordinated and highly regulated gene networks, both during development and throughout life. As we acquire more knowledge in this area from approaches such as large-scale genomic association studies, the more we appreciate the true complexity and heterogeneity of obesity. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, researchers have made enormous progress in this field, and some consistent and robust mechanisms continue to be established. In this review, we will discuss some of the proposed mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in obesity, and discuss some of the key regulators that influence this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Sex differences in virtual navigation influenced by visual factors and individual differences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lace Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Virtual Morris Water Maze

The Morris water maze is a task adapted from the animal spatial cognition literature and has been studied in the context of sex differences in humans, particularly because of the standard design, which manipulates proximal (close) and distal (far) cues. However, there are mixed findings with respect to the interaction of cues and sex differences in virtual Morris water maze tasks, which may be attributed to variations in the scale of the space and previously unmeasured individual differences. We explore the question of scale and context by presenting participants with an outdoor virtual Morris water maze that is four times the size of the mazes previously tested. We also measured lifetime mobility and mental rotation skills. Results of this study suggest that for the small-scale environment, males and females performed similarly when asked to navigate with only proximal cues. However, males outperformed females when only distal cues were visible. In the large-scale environment, males outperformed females in both cue conditions. Additionally, greater mental rotation skills predicted better navigation performance with proximal cues only. Finally, we found that highly mobile females and males perform equally well when navigating with proximal cues.

Heterogeneous model of schistosomiasis transmission and long-term control: the combined influence of spatial variation and age-dependent factors on optimal allocation of drug therapy

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. GURARIE ◽  
C. H. KING
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Snail Population ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Heterogeneous Model ◽  
Age Dependent

Prior field studies and modelling analyses have individually highlighted the importance of age-specific and spatial heterogeneities on the risk for schistosomiasis in human populations. As long-term, large-scale drug treatment programs for schistosomiasis are initiated in subSaharan Africa and elsewhere, optimal strategies for timing and distribution of therapy have yet to be fully defined on the working, district-level scale, where strong heterogeneities are often observed among sublocations. Based on transmission estimates from recent field studies, we develop an extended model of heterogeneous schistosome transmission for distributed human and snail population clusters and age-dependent behaviour, based on a ‘mean worm burden+snail infection prevalence’ formulation. We analyse its equilibria and basic reproduction patterns and their dependence on the underlying transmission parameters. Our model allows the exploration of chemotherapy-based control strategies targeted at high-risk behavioural groups and localities, and the approach to an optimal design in terms of cost. Efficacy of the approach is demonstrated for a model environment having linked, but spatially-distributed, populations and transmission sites.

Sex differences in viral entry protein expression and host transcript responses to SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengying Sun ◽  
Rama Shankar ◽  
Meehyun Ko ◽  
Christopher Daniel Chang ◽  
Shan-Ju Yeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Deconvolution Analysis ◽  
Large Scale Analysis

Abstract Epidemiological studies suggest that men exhibit a higher mortality rate to COVID-19 than women, yet the underlying biology is largely unknown. Here, we seek to delineate sex differences in the gene expression of viral entry proteins ACE2 and TMPRSS2, and host transcriptional responses to SARS-CoV-2 through large-scale analysis of genomic and clinical data. We first compiled 220,000 human gene expression profiles from three databases and completed the meta-information through machine learning and manual annotation. Large scale analysis of these profiles indicated that male samples show higher expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 than female samples, especially in the older group (>60 years) and in the kidney. Subsequent analysis of 6,031 COVID-19 patients at Mount Sinai Health System revealed that men have significantly higher creatinine levels, an indicator of impaired kidney function. Further analysis of 782 COVID-19 patient gene expression profiles taken from upper airway and blood suggested men and women present distinct expression changes. Computational deconvolution analysis of these profiles revealed male COVID-19 patients have enriched kidney-specific mesangial cells in blood compared to healthy patients. Together, this study suggests biological differences in the kidney between sexes may contribute to sex disparity in COVID-19.

Abstract 055: Sex Differences in the Development of Age-Dependent Hypertension and the Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure

Hypertension ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco J Puleo ◽  
Alissa A Frame ◽  
Parul Chaudhary ◽  
Richard D Wainford
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Salt Sensitivity ◽  
Age Dependent

scholarly journals Blood glutathione concentrations in a large-scale human study

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Richie ◽  
L Skowronski ◽  
P Abraham ◽  
Y Leutzinger
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Sampling Variation ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Highly Sensitive Detection

Abstract Little is known about the variability of blood glutathione (GSH) in human subjects. Thus, we wanted to develop and validate a rapid method for measuring GSH concentrations in whole blood and apply this method to ascertain the variation of GSH in a large-scale study of free-living adults. The assay was highly sensitive (detection limit < 5 pmol) and precise, with an interassay variation of 2.3% and a sampling variation of 3.6%. Applying this method to screen 715 adults, we observed a threefold range of GSH concentrations, with a mean of 1.02 mmol/L and CV of 17%. GSH concentrations were 8-10% greater in smokers than in nonsmokers (P < 0.001). Although we observed no sex differences for GSH, GSH/hemoglobin ratios were 8-18% greater in women < 55 years old than in older subjects (P < 0.05). The results presented here validate the use of this method for large-scale human studies and provide information on the variation and normal values of blood GSH in adults.

Cognitive control of speech perception across the lifespan: A large-scale cross-sectional dichotic listening study.

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 806-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Westerhausen ◽  
Josef J. Bless ◽  
Susanne Passow ◽  
Kristiina Kompus ◽  
Kenneth Hugdahl
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Dichotic Listening ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional
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