The influence of carbon nanotubes on quasi-static puncture resistance and yarn pull-out behavior of shear-thickening fluids (STFs) impregnated woven fabrics

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Hasanzadeh ◽  
Vahid Mottaghitalab ◽  
Hashem Babaei ◽  
Mohammad Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluids

scholarly journals Shear-Thickening Fluid Using Oxygen-Plasma-Modified Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Improve the Quasi-Static Stab Resistance of Kevlar Fabrics

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyang Li ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Xing Liu ◽  
Shu Fang ◽  
Yanli Sun
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluid ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Stab Resistance ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The excellent mechanical property and light weight of protective materials are vital for practical application in body armor. In this study, O2-plasma-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (M-MWNTs) were introduced into shear-thickening fluid (STF)-impregnated Kevlar woven fabrics to increase the quasi-static stab resistance and decrease the composite weight. The rheological test showed that the addition of 0.06 wt. % M-MWNT caused a marked increase in the peak viscosity from 1563 to 3417 pa·s and a decrease in the critical shear rate from 14.68 s−1 to 2.53 s−1. The storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) showed a higher degree of abrupt increase with the increase of shear stress. The yarn pull-out test showed that the yarn friction of M-MWNT/STF/Kevlar fabrics was far superior to the original fabrics. Importantly, under similar areal density, the M-MWNT/STF/Kevlar fabrics could resist 1261.4 N quasi-static stab force and absorb 41.3 J energy, which were much higher than neat Kevlar fabrics. The results of this research indicated that quasi-static stab resistance was improved by M-MWNTs, which was attributed to the excellent shear-thickening effect and the high yarn friction. Therefore, M-MWNT/STF/Kevlar fabrics have a broad prospect in the fields of body protection.

scholarly journals Designing Shock Absorbing Composites by Impregnating Woven Fabrics with Shear Thickening Fluids

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaditya Saha ◽  
Fred Avett
Keyword(s):  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Nano Particle ◽  
Shock Absorption ◽  
Carrier Fluid ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluids ◽  
The Impact

Millions of sports and recreation-related injuries occur each year. Different shock-absorbing solutions, such as polyethylene and polyurethane foams, are used in helmets and protective equipment, but one area most sports-gear manufacturers have not explored is the usage of shear thickening fluids (STFs). An STF is a material that is soft under normal conditions but acts rigid when stressed or pressured. STF composites were fabricated and tested with the goal of exploring their viability for use in shock-absorption applications, especially for sports. The role of fabric- and particle-type, particle-to-carrier fluid ratios, nano-particle additives, and the thickness of the composite were studied, and were all hypothesized to have an effect on the impact-resistance of the fabricated STF-composites. Drop-tests were conducted by releasing a 1.1-lb. weight from an electromagnet onto the composites. An impact-force sensor was placed underneath. The weight and height of the drop were chosen to simulate the hardest recorded NFL hit. All hypothesized factors were found to affect impact resistance. The combination of nylon-fabric impregnated by an STF mix of propylene-glycol and silica-nanoparticles, with a cerium-oxide nano-particle additive, displayed better shock-absorption behavior than other fabricated composites. All of the STF-composites also outperformed tested commercial shock-absorption materials despite being thinner and more flexible. These results demonstrate the potential of using STF-impregnated textile fabrics for protective composites for sportswear, as well as for non-sport shock-absorption applications, like in military vests and helmets, and aerospace applications. Further research is necessary to work towards a final product which can be used.

The Ballistic Impact Characteristics of Woven Fabrics Impregnated with a Colloidal Suspension and Flattened Rolls

2010 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Gon Kim ◽  
Il Jin Kim ◽  
Gun Lim ◽  
Byung Il Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Suspension ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Ballistic Impact ◽  
Density Reduction ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Energy Absorbing ◽  
Fabric Design ◽  
Impact Characteristics

This research investigated the ballistic impact characteristics of KM2 Kevlar fabrics and Dyneema UD for personnel body armour using two stage gas gun. The neat KM2 Kevlar fabrics were compared with those impregnated with shear thickening fluid(STF) which showed to absorb much energy up to a velocity of 300m/s. Also studied are the effects of projectile shapes on the energy absorbing in fabrics. We observed that the fiber pull out distance without breaking is important for ballistic energy absorption. We devised an efficient ballistic energy absorbing mechanism at high velocity range by adopting flattened roll design of Dyneema UD. The suggested hybrid design composed of flattened roll and KM2 fabric impregnated with STF with stitching had advantage of 15~20% areal density reduction compared with neat KM2 fabric design.

scholarly journals Impact of the Carbon Nanofillers Addition on Rheology and Absorption Ability of Composite Shear Thickening Fluids

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3870
Author(s):  
Paulina Nakonieczna-Dąbrowska ◽  
Rafał Wróblewski ◽  
Magdalena Płocińska ◽  
Marcin Leonowicz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Polypropylene Glycol ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluids ◽  
Carbon Nanofillers ◽  
Energy Absorbing ◽  
Composite Shear

Synthesis and characterization of composite shear thickening fluids (STFs) containing carbon nanofillers are presented. Shear thickening fluids have attracted particular scientific and technological interest due to their unique ability to abruptly increase viscosity in the case of a sudden impact. The fluids have been developed as a potential component of products with high energy absorbing efficiency. This study reports on the rheological behavior, stability, and microstructure of the STFs modified with the following carbon nanofillers: multi-walled carbon nanotubes, reduced graphene oxide, graphene oxide, and carbon black. In the current experiment, the basic STF was made as a suspension of silica particles with a diameter of 500 nm in polypropylene glycol and with a molar mass of 2000 g/mol. The STF was modified with carbon nanofillers in the following proportions: 0.05, 0.15, and 0.25 vol.%. The addition of the carbon nanofillers modified the rheological behavior and impact absorption ability; for the STF containing 0.25 vol.% of carbon nanotubes, an increase of force absorption up to 12% was observed.

Investigating the quasi-static puncture resistance of p-aramid nanocomposite impregnated with the shear thickening fluid

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (22) ◽  
pp. 2064-2072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Baharvandi ◽  
Peiman Khaksari ◽  
Morteza Alebouyeh ◽  
Masoud Alizadeh ◽  
Jalal Khojasteh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Mechanical Mixing ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluid ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Viscosity Increase ◽  
Fluid Concentration ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluids ◽  
The Difference ◽  
American Society

The effect of impregnating p-aramid fabrics with shear thickening fluids on their quasi-static puncture resistance performance has been investigated. To prepare the shear thickening fluid, 12 and 60-nm silica particles have been dispersed in polyethylene glycol by means of mechanical mixing. The results of rheological tests indicate that the reduction of particle size leads to the increase of suspension viscosity, increase of critical shear rate, and the diminishing of the frequency of transition to elastic state for the shear thickening fluids. Samples of p-aramid impregnated fabrics were subjected to the quasi-static puncture resistance test according to the American Society for Testing and Materials standard D6264. The quasi-static puncture resistance increased 4.5 times for samples with 35 wt% silica concentration relative to the neat sample. In particular, with the reduction of particle size, the samples undergo less deformation and can withstand larger loads at each shear thickening fluid concentration. However, at low and medium concentrations (15 and 25 wt%), the reduction in the particle size has a large effect on the load-bearing capacity of the fabrics. But in the case of 35 wt% concentration for both the 12- and 60-nm particles, the difference between maximum loads withstood by the fabric is negligible.

Incorporation of shear thickening fluid effects into computational modelling of woven fabrics subjected to impact loading: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dakshitha Weerasinghe ◽  
Damith Mohotti ◽  
Jeremy Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluid ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluids ◽  
Layered Fabric ◽  
The Impact

Soft armour consisting of multi-layered high-performance fabrics are a popular choice for personal protection. Extensive work done in the last few decades suggests that shear thickening fluids improve the impact resistance of woven fabrics. Shear thickening fluid–impregnated fabrics have been proven as an ideal candidate for producing comfortable, high-performance soft body armour. However, the mechanism of defeating a projectile using a shear thickening fluid–impregnated multi-layered fabric is not fully understood and can be considered as a gap in the research done on the improvement of soft armour. Even though considerable progress has been achieved on dry fabrics, limited studies have been performed on shear thickening fluid–impregnated fabrics. The knowledge of simulation of multi-layered fabric armour is not well developed. The complexity in creating the geometry of the yarns, incorporating friction between yarns and initial pre-tension between yarns due to weaving patterns make the numerical modelling a complex process. In addition, the existing knowledge in this area is widely dispersed in the published literature and requires synthesis to enhance the development of shear thickening fluid–impregnated fabrics. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current methods of modelling shear thickening fluid–impregnated fabrics with a critical analysis of the techniques used. The review is preceded by an overview of shear thickening behaviour and related mechanisms, followed by a discussion of innovative approaches in numerical modelling of fabrics. A novel state-of-the-art means of modelling shear thickening fluid–impregnated fabrics is proposed in conclusion of the review of current methods. A short case study is also presented using the proposed approach of modelling.

scholarly journals Modification and integration of shear thickening fluids into high performance fabrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Mikolaj Szczepanski
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluid ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Body Armour ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluids ◽  
Stab Resistance

Great interest has aroused in developing the next generation body armour based on the incorporation of a Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) into high performance fabrics (Kevlar®, UHMWPE). This innovative technoloy allows for the production of comfortable, flexible, lightweight, stab and ballistic resistant protective garments. This innovative technology allows for the production of comfortable, flexible, lightweight, stab and ballistic resistant protective garments. The furrent research was undertaken to evaluate the stab resistance and the chemical properties of types of high performance fabrics, Kevlar and Ultra Hight Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE), impregnated with several types of shear thickening fluids. The stab resistance properties of all samples were tested using drop tower and quasistatic testing apparatuses. Chemical compositions and microscopic structures were analyzed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. The current study demonstrated the importance of incorporating Shear Thickening Fluid into woven high performance fibres. The results clearly display a significant enhancement in puncture resistance ony of Kevlar® fabrics impregnated with different combination of STFs.

scholarly journals Effect of particle size of fumed silica on the puncture resistance of fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 155892502110613
Author(s):  
Zhenqian Lu ◽  
Zishun Yuan ◽  
Jiawen Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fumed Silica ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluid ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size

This paper presents an investigation into the effect of particle size of fumed silica on the puncture resistance of fabric impregnated with shear thickening fluid (STF). Two different types of STF were fabricated from fumed silica nanoparticles with particle sizes of 12 and 40 nm respectively. The effects of the particle size and weight fraction of the fumed silica on the rheological property were studied. STFs impregnated woven fabrics were fabricated and tested for stabbing resistance. STFs made of fumed silica with large particle size have better shear thickening effect. The stabbing resistant performance of STF impregnated fabrics improved notably with the same number of layers of fabric, and STFs impregnated fabric panels also outperform the untreated fabric panels with the same areal density. The results indicated that STFs made of fumed silica with larger particle size is able to fabricate a lighter soft body armor with higher stabbing protection.

Experimental and numerical analysis of penetration into Kevlar fabric impregnated with shear thickening fluid

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Khodadadi ◽  
GH Liaghat ◽  
AR Sabet ◽  
H Hadavinia ◽  
A Aboutorabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Velocity ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Element Model ◽  
High Velocity Impact ◽  
Ballistic Performance ◽  
Velocity Impact ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluids

This study presents the high-velocity impact performance of a composite material composed of woven Kevlar fabric impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluids (STFs). Although the precise role of the STF in the high-velocity defeat, process is not exactly known but it is suspected to be due to the increased frictional interaction between yarns in impregnated fabrics. In order to explore the mechanism of this enhanced energy absorption, high-velocity impact test was conducted on neat, impregnated fabric and also on pure STF without fabric. A finite element model has been carried out to consider the effect of STF impregnation on the ballistic performance. For this purpose, fabric was modeled using LS-DYNA by employing the experimental results of yarn pull-out tests to characterize the frictional behavior of the STF impregnated fabric. The simulation result is a proof that the increased performance for STF impregnated Kevlar fabric is due to the increased friction.

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