Electron microscopic characterization of soot particulate matter emitted by modern direct injection gasoline engines

2016 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthi Liati ◽  
Daniel Schreiber ◽  
Panayotis Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler ◽  
Yadira Arroyo Rojas Dasilva ◽  
Alexander C. Spiteri
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Gasoline Engines

scholarly journals An overview of particle number emission from direct injection SI engine in scope of new legislation rules

2015 ◽  
Vol 163 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Michał OLCZYK ◽  
Bartosz HEJNY ◽  
Piotr BIELACZYC
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Lower Fuel Consumption

The main advantages of using direct injection in an SI engine, such as lower fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency, implicate a new problem concerning gasoline engines: the emission of particulate matter. The observed issue has been a significant direction of development of the contemporary DISI engine over the last decade. This paper contains an overview of the results of PN emission, which were obtained from experiments conducted at BOSMAL and from the literature. Current and future legal regulations regarding PN emissions were collated to the test results.

Particulate Matter Emission Comparison of Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Operation of a Boosted Gasoline Engine

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianye Su ◽  
Weiyang Lin ◽  
Jeff Sterniak ◽  
Min Xu ◽  
Stanislav V. Bohac
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Port Fuel Injection ◽  
Spark Timing

Spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) gasoline engines, especially in downsized boosted engine platforms, are increasing their market share relative to port fuel injection (PFI) engines in U.S., European and Chinese vehicles due to better fuel economy by enabling higher compression ratios and higher specific power output. However, particulate matter (PM) emissions from engines are becoming a concern due to adverse human health and environment effects, and more stringent emission standards. To conduct a PM number and size comparison between SIDI and PFI systems, a 2.0 L boosted gasoline engine has been equipped and tested with both systems at different loads, air fuel ratios, spark timings, fuel pressures and injection timings for SIDI operation and loads, air fuel ratios and spark timings for PFI operation. Regardless of load, air fuel ratio, spark timing, fuel pressure, and injection timing, particle size distribution from SIDI and PFI is shown to be bimodal, exhibiting nucleation and accumulation mode particles. SIDI produces particle numbers that are an order of magnitude greater than PFI. Particle number can be reduced by retarding spark timing and operating the engine lean, both for SIDI and PFI operation. Increasing fuel injection pressure and optimizing injection timing with SIDI also reduces PM emissions. This study provides insight into the differences in PM emissions from boosted SIDI and PFI engines and an evaluation of PM reduction potential by varying engine operating parameters in boosted SIDI and PFI gasoline engines.

Particulate Matter Emission Comparison of Spark Ignition Direct Injection (SIDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Operation of a Boosted Gasoline Engine

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianye Su ◽  
Weiyang Lin ◽  
Jeff Sterniak ◽  
Min Xu ◽  
Stanislav V. Bohac
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Port Fuel Injection ◽  
Spark Timing

Spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) gasoline engines, especially in downsized boosted engine platforms, are increasing their market share relative to port fuel injection (PFI) engines in U.S., European and Chinese vehicles due to better fuel economy by enabling higher compression ratios and higher specific power output. However, particulate matter (PM) emissions from engines are becoming a concern due to adverse human health and environment effects, and more stringent emission standards. To conduct a PM number and size comparison between SIDI and PFI systems, a 2.0 L boosted gasoline engine has been equipped and tested with both systems at different loads, air fuel ratios, spark timings, fuel pressures and injection timings for SIDI operation and loads, air fuel ratios and spark timings for PFI operation. Regardless of load, air fuel ratio, spark timing, fuel pressure, and injection timing, particle size distribution from SIDI and PFI is shown to be bimodal, exhibiting nucleation and accumulation mode particles. SIDI produces particle numbers that are an order of magnitude greater than PFI. Particle number can be reduced by retarding spark timing and operating the engine lean, both for SIDI and PFI operation. Increasing fuel injection pressure and optimizing injection timing with SIDI also reduces PM emissions. This study provides insight into the differences in PM emissions from boosted SIDI and PFI engines and an evaluation of PM reduction potential by varying engine operating parameters in boosted SIDI and PFI gasoline engines.

A study on the filtration efficiency and regeneration capacity of the gasoline particulate filter

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440702096263
Author(s):  
Hongchao Yue ◽  
Allen Lehmen ◽  
Michiel Van Nieuwstadt ◽  
Zhaoxiong Pan ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Honeycomb Structure ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Excess Oxygen ◽  
Regeneration Capacity ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Particulate Pollution

Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are becoming a standard technology in gasoline engines because of the need for compliance with particulate matter (PM) emissions requirement. Generally, GPFs can be placed after a three-way catalysts (TWC) in the same can, or in a separate can downstream. As typical wall-flow filters, particulate matter is removed from the exhaust by physical filtration using a honeycomb structure similar to an emissions catalyst substrate but with the channels blocked at alternate ends. The goal of work was to the study the filtration efficiency and regeneration capacity of the GPF. Laboratory emission tests were carried out for one 2.0L gasoline turbo direct injection (GTDI) prototype vehicle according to the new World Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC). The data showed that the vehicle has a reliable and high GPF filtration efficiency to intercept the particulate pollution from the exhaust. Meanwhile, five 2.0L GTDI prototype cars from respective China stage 6 platforms were used for further study of soot accumulation and regeneration capacity. The results, in terms of modeled emissions in tests under real driving conditions of China cities (Nanjing and Hainan), showed that the heavy traffic road conditions lead to a low probability of soot regeneration. However, the GPF regeneration capacity of the test convoy was still adequate. In addition, the drive cycle exhibiting good road conditions with more aggressive driving behaviors offered a better regeneration environment due to the elevated GPF temperature and more frequent occurrence of deceleration fuel shut off (DFSO) creating an environment of excess oxygen content.

scholarly journals Characterization of Particulate Matter Morphology and Volatility from a Compression-Ignition Natural-Gas Direct-Injection Engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Graves ◽  
Jason Olfert ◽  
Bronson Patychuk ◽  
Ramin Dastanpour ◽  
Steven Rogak
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Direct Injection Engine

Characterization of Particulate Matter from Direct Injected Gasoline Engines

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-8) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Wang-Hansen ◽  
Per Ericsson ◽  
Björn Lundberg ◽  
Magnus Skoglundh ◽  
Per-Anders Carlsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Gasoline Engines

Electron Microscopic Detection and Characterization of Nonhuman Primate Enteric Viruses

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
G. C. Smith ◽  
R. L. Heberling ◽  
S. S. Kalter
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Microscopic Detection

A number of viral agents are recognized as and suspected of causing the clinical condition “gastroenteritis.” In our attempts to establish an animal model for studies of this entity, we have been examining the nonhuman primate to ascertain what viruses may be found in the intestinal tract of “normal” animals as well as animals with diarrhea. Several virus types including coronavirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, and picornavirus (Table I) were detected in our colony; however, rotavirus, astrovirus, and calicivirus have not yet been observed. Fecal specimens were prepared for electron microscopy by procedures reported previously.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document