scholarly journals Chemical Perturbation of Secondary Metabolism Demonstrates Important Links to Primary Metabolism

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1020-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arryn Craney ◽  
Cory Ozimok ◽  
Sheila Marie Pimentel-Elardo ◽  
Alfredo Capretta ◽  
Justin R. Nodwell
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Chemical Perturbation

scholarly journals Metabolite profiling during graft union formation reveals the reprogramming of primary metabolism and the induction of stilbene synthesis at the graft interface in grapevine

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duyên Prodhomme ◽  
Josep Valls Fonayet ◽  
Cyril Hévin ◽  
Céline Franc ◽  
Ghislaine Hilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Graft Interface

Abstract Background Grafting with rootstocks is essential for the culture of many perennial fruit crops and is increasing being used in the production of annual fruits and vegetables. Our previous work based on microarrays showed that transcripts encoding enzymes of both primary and secondary metabolism were differentially expressed during graft union formation in both homo-grafts (a genotype grafted with itself) and hetero-grafts (two different genotypes grafted together). The aim of this study was to profile primary and secondary metabolites, and quantify the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and neutral invertase (NI) in the scion and rootstock tissues and the graft interface of homo and hetero-grafts of grapevine 1 month after grafting. Table-top grafting was done on over-wintering stems (canes) of grapevine and the graft interface tissues (containing some woody stem tissues and callus) were compared to the surrounding rootstock and scion tissues. The objective was to identify compounds involved in graft union formation and hetero-grafting responses. Results A total of 54 compounds from primary and secondary metabolism (19 amino acids, five primary and 30 secondary compounds metabolites) and the activity of two enzymes were measured. The graft interface was associated with an increase in the accumulation of the branched-chain amino acids, basic amino acids, certain stilbene compounds and higher PAL and NI activity in comparison to the surrounding woody stem tissues. Some amino acids and stilbenes were identified as being accumulated differently between the graft interfaces of the scion/rootstock combinations in a manner which was unrelated to their concentrations in the surrounding woody stem tissues. Conclusions This study revealed the modification of primary metabolism to support callus cell formation and the stimulation of stilbene synthesis at the graft interface, and how these processes are modified by hetero-grafting. Knowledge of the metabolites and/or enzymes required for successful graft union formation offer us the potential to identify markers that could be used by nurseries and researchers for selection and breeding purposes.

scholarly journals RECENT ADVANCES IN APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS OF DHOFAR, SULTANATE OF OMAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Israr Ul Hassan ◽  
Mohammed Idrees ◽  
Gowhar Ahmad Naikoo ◽  
Luay Rashan ◽  
Abdelbary Elhissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Plant Biodiversity ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Active Constituents ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Selection Of

 The Dhofar region of Oman is extremely opulent in plant biodiversity in comparison to other parts of the country. Most of the cultivated, medicinal and wild plants of the region are available in the mountainous side and hilly areas of Dhofar. The plants produce products from primary metabolism and others from secondary metabolism. On the basis of active constituents plants can be categorized into two groups:1. Medicinal plants and2. Aromatic plants.Over 250 complex chemicals have been recognized and extracted from herbal sources. In this review article, we discuss a selection of medicinal plants of the Dhofar region of Oman which are rich in active constituents and through recent reports discuss the application of the most active constituents. Among the medicinal plants of the Dhofar region, frankincense is also a well-known indicator of the region and has a unique position through its medicinal properties of its oil and gum resin.

Two Bacterial Group II Phosphopantetheinyl Transferases Involved in Both Primary Metabolism and Secondary Metabolism

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue-Yue Wang ◽  
Xiao-Sheng Zhang ◽  
Ni-Ni Ren ◽  
Yuan-Yang Guo ◽  
Xin-Hang Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Bacterial Group ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Phosphopantetheinyl Transferases

scholarly journals Analysis of the transcriptome of the needles and bark of Pinus radiata induced by bark stripping and methyl jasmonate

BMC Genomics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Nantongo ◽  
B. M. Potts ◽  
T. Frickey ◽  
E. Telfer ◽  
H. Dungey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Bark Stripping ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Chemical Defences

Abstract Background Plants are attacked by diverse insect and mammalian herbivores and respond with different physical and chemical defences. Transcriptional changes underlie these phenotypic changes. Simulated herbivory has been used to study the transcriptional and other early regulation events of these plant responses. In this study, constitutive and induced transcriptional responses to artificial bark stripping are compared in the needles and the bark of Pinus radiata to the responses from application of the plant stressor, methyl jasmonate. The time progression of the responses was assessed over a 4-week period. Results Of the 6312 unique transcripts studied, 86.6% were differentially expressed between the needles and the bark prior to treatment. The most abundant constitutive transcripts were related to defence and photosynthesis and their expression did not differ between the needles and the bark. While no differential expression of transcripts were detected in the needles following bark stripping, in the bark this treatment caused an up-regulation and down-regulation of genes associated with primary and secondary metabolism. Methyl jasmonate treatment caused differential expression of transcripts in both the bark and the needles, with individual genes related to primary metabolism more responsive than those associated with secondary metabolism. The up-regulation of genes related to sugar break-down and the repression of genes related with photosynthesis, following both treatments was consistent with the strong down-regulation of sugars that has been observed in the same population. Relative to the control, the treatments caused a differential expression of genes involved in signalling, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as defence and water stress. However, non-overlapping transcripts were detected between the needles and the bark, between treatments and at different times of assessment. Methyl jasmonate induced more transcriptional responses in the bark than bark stripping, although the peak of expression following both treatments was detected 7 days post treatment application. The effects of bark stripping were localised, and no systemic changes were detected in the needles. Conclusion There are constitutive and induced differences in the needle and bark transcriptome of Pinus radiata. Some expression responses to bark stripping may differ from other biotic and abiotic stresses, which contributes to the understanding of plant molecular responses to diverse stresses. Whether the gene expression changes are heritable and how they differ between resistant and susceptible families identified in earlier studies needs further investigation.

scholarly journals Genomic Organization of Plant Terpene Synthases and Molecular Evolutionary Implications

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (2) ◽  
pp. 811-832
Author(s):  
Susan C Trapp ◽  
Rodney B Croteau
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Intron Loss ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Taxus Brevifolia ◽  
Terpene Synthases ◽  
Sequence Element ◽  
Geranyl Diphosphate ◽  
Terpenoid Synthase

Abstract Terpenoids are the largest, most diverse class of plant natural products and they play numerous functional roles in primary metabolism and in ecological interactions. The first committed step in the formation of the various terpenoid classes is the transformation of the prenyl diphosphate precursors, geranyl diphosphate, farnesyl diphosphate, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate, to the parent structures of each type catalyzed by the respective monoterpene (C10), sesquiterpene (C15), and diterpene synthases (C20). Over 30 cDNAs encoding plant terpenoid synthases involved in primary and secondary metabolism have been cloned and characterized. Here we describe the isolation and analysis of six genomic clones encoding terpene synthases of conifers, [(-)-pinene (C10), (-)-limonene (C10), (E)-α-bisabolene (C15), δ-selinene (C15), and abietadiene synthase (C20) from Abies grandis and taxadiene synthase (C20) from Taxus brevifolia], all of which are involved in natural products biosynthesis. Genome organization (intron number, size, placement and phase, and exon size) of these gymnosperm terpene synthases was compared to eight previously characterized angiosperm terpene synthase genes and to six putative terpene synthase genomic sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana. Three distinct classes of terpene synthase genes were discerned, from which assumed patterns of sequential intron loss and the loss of an unusual internal sequence element suggest that the ancestral terpenoid synthase gene resembled a contemporary conifer diterpene synthase gene in containing at least 12 introns and 13 exons of conserved size. A model presented for the evolutionary history of plant terpene synthases suggests that this superfamily of genes responsible for natural products biosynthesis derived from terpene synthase genes involved in primary metabolism by duplication and divergence in structural and functional specialization. This novel molecular evolutionary approach focused on genes of secondary metabolism may have broad implications for the origins of natural products and for plant phylogenetics in general.

scholarly journals Transcription factor Xpp1 is a switch between primary and secondary fungal metabolism

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. E560-E569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Derntl ◽  
Bernhard Kluger ◽  
Christoph Bueschl ◽  
Rainer Schuhmacher ◽  
Robert L. Mach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Wide Range

Fungi can produce a wide range of chemical compounds via secondary metabolism. These compounds are of major interest because of their (potential) application in medicine and biotechnology and as a potential source for new therapeutic agents and drug leads. However, under laboratory conditions, most secondary metabolism genes remain silent. This circumstance is an obstacle for the production of known metabolites and the discovery of new secondary metabolites. In this study, we describe the dual role of the transcription factor Xylanase promoter binding protein 1 (Xpp1) in the regulation of both primary and secondary metabolism of Trichoderma reesei. Xpp1 was previously described as a repressor of xylanases. Here, we provide data from an RNA-sequencing analysis suggesting that Xpp1 is an activator of primary metabolism. This finding is supported by our results from a Biolog assay determining the carbon source assimilation behavior of an xpp1 deletion strain. Furthermore, the role of Xpp1 as a repressor of secondary metabolism is shown by gene expression analyses of polyketide synthases and the determination of the secondary metabolites of xpp1 deletion and overexpression strains using an untargeted metabolomics approach. The deletion of Xpp1 resulted in the enhanced secretion of secondary metabolites in terms of diversity and quantity. Homologs of Xpp1 are found among a broad range of fungi, including the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride, the plant pathogens Fusarium graminearum and Colletotrichum graminicola, the model organism Neurospora crassa, the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii, and the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea.

scholarly journals The nature of the progression of drought stress drives differential metabolomic responses in Populus deltoides

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy James Tschaplinski ◽  
Paul E Abraham ◽  
Sara S Jawdy ◽  
Lee E Gunter ◽  
Madhavi Z Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Populus Species

Abstract Background and Aims The use of woody crops for Quad-level (approx. 1 × 1018 J) energy production will require marginal agricultural lands that experience recurrent periods of water stress. Populus species have the capacity to increase dehydration tolerance by lowering osmotic potential via osmotic adjustment. The aim of this study was to investigate how the inherent genetic potential of a Populus clone to respond to drought interacts with the nature of the drought to determine the degree of biochemical response. Methods A greenhouse drought stress study was conducted on Populus deltoides ‘WV94’ and the resulting metabolite profiles of leaves were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry following trimethylsilylation for plants subjected to cyclic mild (–0.5 MPa pre-dawn leaf water potential) drought vs. cyclic severe (–1.26 MPa) drought in contrast to well-watered controls (–0.1 MPa) after two or four drought cycles, and in contrast to plants subjected to acute drought, where plants were desiccated for up to 8 d. Key Results The nature of drought (cyclic vs. acute), frequency of drought (number of cycles) and the severity of drought (mild vs. severe) all dictated the degree of osmotic adjustment and the nature of the organic solutes that accumulated. Whereas cyclic drought induced the largest responses in primary metabolism (soluble sugars, organic acids and amino acids), acute onset of prolonged drought induced the greatest osmotic adjustment and largest responses in secondary metabolism, especially populosides (hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates of salicin). Conclusions The differential adaptive metabolite responses in cyclic vs. acute drought suggest that stress acclimation occurs via primary metabolism in response to cyclic drought, whereas expanded metabolic plasticity occurs via secondary metabolism following severe, acute drought. The shift in carbon partitioning to aromatic metabolism with the production of a diverse suite of higher order salicylates lowers osmotic potential and increases the probability of post-stress recovery.

scholarly journals Secondary Metabolism and Interspecific Competition Affect Accumulation of Spontaneous Mutants in the GacS-GacA Regulatory System in Pseudomonas protegens

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Yan ◽  
Lucas D. Lopes ◽  
Brenda T. Shaffer ◽  
Teresa A. Kidarsa ◽  
Oliver Vining ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Antibiotic Biosynthesis ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Spontaneous Mutants

ABSTRACTSecondary metabolites are synthesized by many microorganisms and provide a fitness benefit in the presence of competitors and predators. Secondary metabolism also can be costly, as it shunts energy and intermediates from primary metabolism. InPseudomonasspp., secondary metabolism is controlled by the GacS-GacA global regulatory system. Intriguingly, spontaneous mutations ingacSorgacA(Gac−mutants) are commonly observed in laboratory cultures. Here we investigated the role of secondary metabolism in the accumulation of Gac−mutants inPseudomonas protegensstrain Pf-5. Our results showed that secondary metabolism, specifically biosynthesis of the antimicrobial compound pyoluteorin, contributes significantly to the accumulation of Gac−mutants. Pyoluteorin biosynthesis, which poses a metabolic burden on the producer cells, but not pyoluteorin itself, leads to the accumulation of the spontaneous mutants. Interspecific competition also influenced the accumulation of the Gac−mutants: a reduced proportion of Gac−mutants accumulated whenP. protegensPf-5 was cocultured withBacillus subtilisthan in pure cultures of strain Pf-5. Overall, our study associated a fitness trade-off with secondary metabolism, with metabolic costs versus competitive benefits of production influencing the evolution ofP. protegens, assessed by the accumulation of Gac−mutants.IMPORTANCEMany microorganisms produce antibiotics, which contribute to ecologic fitness in natural environments where microbes constantly compete for resources with other organisms. However, biosynthesis of antibiotics is costly due to the metabolic burdens of the antibiotic-producing microorganism. Our results provide an example of the fitness trade-off associated with antibiotic production. Under noncompetitive conditions, antibiotic biosynthesis led to accumulation of spontaneous mutants lacking a master regulator of antibiotic production. However, relatively few of these spontaneous mutants accumulated when a competitor was present. Results from this work provide information on the evolution of antibiotic biosynthesis and provide a framework for their discovery and regulation.

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