scholarly journals Distinct Transcriptomic Cell Types and Neural Circuits of the Subiculum and Prosubiculum along the Dorsal-Ventral Axis

Cell Reports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 107648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song-Lin Ding ◽  
Zizhen Yao ◽  
Karla E. Hirokawa ◽  
Thuc Nghi Nguyen ◽  
Lucas T. Graybuck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cell Types

scholarly journals Cellular Circuits in the Brain and Their Modulation in Acute and Chronic Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohini Kuner ◽  
Thomas Kuner
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Maladaptive Plasticity ◽  
Pathological Pain ◽  
Dimensions Of Pain ◽  
Cellular Circuits

Chronic, pathological pain remains a global health problem and a challenge to basic and clinical sciences. A major obstacle to preventing, treating, or reverting chronic pain has been that the nature of neural circuits underlying the diverse components of the complex, multidimensional experience of pain is not well understood. Moreover, chronic pain involves diverse maladaptive plasticity processes, which have not been decoded mechanistically in terms of involvement of specific circuits and cause-effect relationships. This review aims to discuss recent advances in our understanding of circuit connectivity in the mammalian brain at the level of regional contributions and specific cell types in acute and chronic pain. A major focus is placed on functional dissection of sub-neocortical brain circuits using optogenetics, chemogenetics, and imaging technological tools in rodent models with a view towards decoding sensory, affective, and motivational-cognitive dimensions of pain. The review summarizes recent breakthroughs and insights on structure-function properties in nociceptive circuits and higher order sub-neocortical modulatory circuits involved in aversion, learning, reward, and mood and their modulation by endogenous GABAergic inhibition, noradrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and peptidergic pathways. The knowledge of neural circuits and their dynamic regulation via functional and structural plasticity will be beneficial towards designing and improving targeted therapies.

scholarly journals Illuminating the Neural Circuits Underlying Orienting of Attention

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Posner ◽  
Cristopher Niell
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Large Scale Networks ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

Human neuroimaging has revealed brain networks involving frontal and parietal cortical areas as well as subcortical areas, including the superior colliculus and pulvinar, which are involved in orienting to sensory stimuli. Because accumulating evidence points to similarities between both overt and covert orienting in humans and other animals, we propose that it is now feasible, using animal models, to move beyond these large-scale networks to address the local networks and cell types that mediate orienting of attention. In this opinion piece, we discuss optogenetic and related methods for testing the pathways involved, and obstacles to carrying out such tests in rodent and monkey populations.

scholarly journals The zebrafish space cadet gene controls axonal pathfinding of neurons that modulate fast turning movements

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (11) ◽  
pp. 2131-2142
Author(s):  
Kristin Lorent ◽  
Katherine S. Liu ◽  
Joseph R. Fetcho ◽  
Michael Granato
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Axonal Pathfinding ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Small Set ◽  
On Line ◽  
Axonal Defects

All vertebrates depend on neural circuits to produce propulsive movements; however, the contribution of individual neural cell types to control such movements are not well understood. We report that zebrafish space cadet mutant larvae fail to initiate fast turning movements properly, and we show that this motor phenotype correlates with axonal defects in a small population of commissural hindbrain neurons, which we identify as spiral fiber neurons. Moreover, we demonstrate that severing spiral fiber axons produces space cadet-like locomotor defects, thereby providing compelling evidence that the space cadet gene plays an essential role in integrating these neurons into the circuitry that modulates fast turning movements. Finally, we show that axonal defects are restricted to a small set of commissural trajectories, including retinal ganglion cell axons and spiral fiber axons, and that the space cadet gene functions in axonal pathfinding. Together, our results provide a rare example in vertebrates of an individual neuronal cell type that contributes to the expression of a defined motor behavior. Movies available on-line

scholarly journals Optogenetic Technology and Its In Vivo Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Simon Gelman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Novel Technology

Optogenetics is a novel technology with the widely acknowledged potential to revolutionize cell biology and neuroscience. Essentially, optogenetic methods integrate optical and genetic tools to control the activity of whole cells or subcellular events. In recent years, optogenetics has been used to activate and to inhibit genetically defined neuronal populations within neural circuits. As such, it has been used to show the sufficiency or the necessity of specific neuronal cell types in generating behaviors across a number of animal species. When employed in rodent models of human neurological and psychiatric disorders, optogenetics has provided clinically relevant insights into the function of pathologic neural circuits. Recent progress in the in vivo applications of this methodology is reviewed in this article, with particular focus on behavioral applications in nematodes, fish, rodents, and nonhuman primates.

scholarly journals Differing strategies used by motor neurons and glia to achieve robust development of an adult neuropil in Drosophila

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Enriquez ◽  
Laura Quintana Rio ◽  
Richard Blazeski ◽  
Carol Mason ◽  
Richard S. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Factor Code ◽  
Individual Motor

SummaryIn both vertebrates and invertebrates, neurons and glia are generated in a stereotyped order from dedicated progenitors called neural stem cells, but the purpose of invariant lineages is not understood. Here we show that three of the stem cells that produce leg motor neurons in Drosophila also generate a specialized subset of glia, the neuropil glia, which wrap and send processes into the neuropil where motor neuron dendrites arborize. The development of the neuropil glia and leg motor neurons is highly coordinated. However, although individual motor neurons have a stereotyped birth order and transcription factor code, both the number and individual morphologies of the glia born from these lineages are highly plastic, even though the final structure they contribute to is highly stereotyped. We suggest that the shared lineages of these two cell types facilitates the assembly of complex neural circuits, and that the two different birth order strategies – hardwired for motor neurons and flexible for glia – are important for robust nervous system development and homeostasis.

scholarly journals Synaptic targets of photoreceptors specialized to detect color and skylight polarization in Drosophila

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Kind ◽  
Kit D Longden ◽  
Aljoscha Nern ◽  
Arthur Zhao ◽  
Gizem Sancer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Color Processing ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Skylight Polarization ◽  
The World ◽  
Central Brain

Color and polarization provide complementary information about the world and are detected by specialized photoreceptors. However, the downstream neural circuits that process these distinct modalities are incompletely understood in any animal. Using electron microscopy, we have systematically reconstructed the synaptic targets of the photoreceptors specialized to detect color and skylight polarization in Drosophila, and we have used light microscopy to confirm many of our findings. We identified known and novel downstream targets that are selective for different wavelengths or polarized light, and followed their projections to other areas in the optic lobes and the central brain. Our results revealed many synapses along the photoreceptor axons between brain regions, new pathways in the optic lobes, and spatially segregated projections to central brain regions. Strikingly, photoreceptors in the polarization-sensitive dorsal rim area target fewer cell types, and lack strong connections to the lobula, a neuropil involved in color processing. Our reconstruction identifies shared wiring and modality-specific specializations for color and polarization vision, and provides a comprehensive view of the first steps of the pathways processing color and polarized light inputs.

scholarly journals A genetic, genomic, and computational resource for exploring neural circuit function

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred P Davis ◽  
Aljoscha Nern ◽  
Serge Picard ◽  
Michael B Reiser ◽  
Gerald M Rubin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Generating Functional ◽  
Circuit Function ◽  
Different Cell Types

The anatomy of many neural circuits is being characterized with increasing resolution, but their molecular properties remain mostly unknown. Here, we characterize gene expression patterns in distinct neural cell types of the Drosophila visual system using genetic lines to access individual cell types, the TAPIN-seq method to measure their transcriptomes, and a probabilistic method to interpret these measurements. We used these tools to build a resource of high-resolution transcriptomes for 100 driver lines covering 67 cell types, available at http://www.opticlobe.com. Combining these transcriptomes with recently reported connectomes helps characterize how information is transmitted and processed across a range of scales, from individual synapses to circuit pathways. We describe examples that include identifying neurotransmitters, including cases of apparent co-release, generating functional hypotheses based on receptor expression, as well as identifying strong commonalities between different cell types.

scholarly journals Illuminating neural circuits and behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans with optogenetics

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1677) ◽  
pp. 20140212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Fang-Yen ◽  
Mark J. Alkema ◽  
Aravinthan D. T. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Excitable Cell

The development of optogenetics, a family of methods for using light to control neural activity via light-sensitive proteins, has provided a powerful new set of tools for neurobiology. These techniques have been particularly fruitful for dissecting neural circuits and behaviour in the compact and transparent roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans . Researchers have used optogenetic reagents to manipulate numerous excitable cell types in the worm, from sensory neurons, to interneurons, to motor neurons and muscles. Here, we show how optogenetics applied to this transparent roundworm has contributed to our understanding of neural circuits.

scholarly journals The gastrin-releasing peptide regulates stress-enhanced fear and dopamine signaling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshikazu Morishita ◽  
Ileana Fuentes ◽  
John Favate ◽  
Ko Zushida ◽  
Akinori Nishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fear Extinction ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Gastrin Releasing Peptide ◽  
The Core ◽  
Molecular Identity ◽  
Dopamine Signaling ◽  
Organizational Logic

AbstractFear extinction is an adaptive behavioral process critical for organism’s survival, but deficiency in extinction may lead to PTSD. While the amygdala and its neural circuits are critical for fear extinction, the molecular identity and organizational logic of cell types that lie at the core of these circuits remain unclear. Here we report that mice deficient for amygdala-enriched gastrin-releasing peptide gene (Grp-/-) exhibit enhanced neuronal activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and stronger fear conditioning, as well as deficient extinction in stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL). rAAV2-retro-based tracing combined with visualization of the GFP knocked in the Grp gene showed that BLA receives GRPergic or conditioned stimulus projections from the indirect auditory thalamus-to-auditory cortex pathway, ventral hippocampus and ventral tegmental area. Transcription of dopamine-related genes was decreased in BLA of Grp-/- mice following SEFL extinction recall, suggesting that the GRP may mediate fear extinction regulation by dopamine.Impact statementMice deficient for the amygdala-enriched gastrin-releasing peptide gene are susceptible to stress-enhanced fear, a behavioral protocol with relevance to PTSD, and show a decrease in dopamine-related gene transcription.

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