scholarly journals Small Extracellular Vesicles Are Key Regulators of Non-cell Autonomous Intercellular Communication in Senescence via the Interferon Protein IFITM3

Cell Reports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (13) ◽  
pp. 3956-3971.e6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Borghesan ◽  
Juan Fafián-Labora ◽  
Olga Eleftheriadou ◽  
Paula Carpintero-Fernández ◽  
Marta Paez-Ribes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication

Liver fibrosis: extracellular vesicles mediated intercellular communication in perisinusoidal space

Hepatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezhilarasan Devaraj ◽  
Elumalai Perumal ◽  
Raghunandhakumar Subramaniyan ◽  
Mustapha Najimi
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication

Zika virus hijacks extracellular vesicle tetraspanin pathways for cell-to-cell transmission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara B. York ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Allaura S. Cone ◽  
Leanne C. Duke ◽  
Mujeeb R. Cheerathodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Encapsulated Structures

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated structures released by cells which carry signaling factors, proteins and microRNAs that mediate intercellular communication. Accumulating evidence supports an important role of EVs in the progression of neurological conditions and both the spread and pathogenesis of infectious diseases. It has recently been demonstrated that EVs from Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals and cells contained replicative-competent viral RNA that was capable of infecting hepatocytes. Being a member of the same viral family, it is likely the Zika virus also hijacks EV pathways to package viral components and secrete vesicles that are infectious and potentially less immunogenic. As EVs have been shown to cross blood-brain and placental barriers, it is possible that Zika virus could usurp normal EV biology to gain access to the brain or developing fetus. Here, we demonstrate that Zika virus infected cells secrete distinct EV sub-populations with specific viral protein profiles and infectious genomes. Zika virus infection resulted in the enhanced production of EVs with varying sizes and density compared to those released from non-infected cells. We also show that the EV enriched tetraspanin CD63 regulates the release of EVs, and Zika viral genomes and capsids following infection. Overall, these findings provide evidence for an alternative means of Zika virus transmission and demonstrate the role of EV biogenesis and trafficking proteins in the modulation of Zika infection.ImportanceZika virus is a re-emerging infectious disease that spread rapidly across the Caribbean and South America. Infection of pregnant women during the first trimester has been linked to microcephaly, a neurological condition where babies are born with smaller heads due to abnormal brain development. Babies born with microcephaly can develop convulsions and suffer disabilities as they age. Despite the significance of Zika virus, little is known about how the virus infects the fetus or causes disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated structures released by cells that are present in all biological fluids. EVs carry signaling factors, proteins and microRNAs that mediate intercellular communication. EVs have been shown to be a means by which some viruses can alter cellular environments and cross previously unpassable cellular barriers. Thus gaining a greater understanding of how Zika affects EV cargo may aid in the development of better diagnostics, targeted therapeutics and prophylactic treatments.

Extracellular vesicles, stem cells and the role of miRNAs in neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaz M. Belkozhayev ◽  
Minnatallah Al-Yozbaki ◽  
Alex George ◽  
Raigul Ye Niyazova ◽  
Kamalidin O. Sharipov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
The Body ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Crucial Information

There are different modalities of intercellular communication governed by cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will explore one of these forms of communication called extracellular vesicles (EVs). These vesicles are released by all cells in the body and are heterogeneous in nature. The primary function of EVs is to share information through their cargo consisting of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, dsDNA etc.) with other cells, which have a direct consequence on their microenvironment. We will focus on the role of EVs of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the nervous system and how these participate in intercellular communication to maintain physiological function and provide neuroprotection. However, deregulation of this same communication system could play a role in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, prion disease and Huntington’s disease. The release of EVs from a cell provides crucial information to what is happening inside the cell and thus could be used in diagnostics and therapy. We will discuss and explore new avenues for the clinical applications of using engineered MSC-EVs and their potential therapeutic benefit in treating neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Bioactive DNA from extracellular vesicles and particles

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Z. Malkin ◽  
Scott V. Bratman
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Liquid Biopsy ◽  
Molecular Biomarker ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cell Free Dna ◽  
Disease Biomarker ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Free Dna

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and particles (EPs) have recently emerged as active carriers of molecular biomarkers and mediators of intercellular communication. While most investigations have focused exclusively on the protein, lipid and RNA constituents of these extracellular entities, EV/EP DNA remains poorly understood, despite DNA being found in association with virtually all EV/EP populations. The functional potential of EV/EP DNA has been proposed in a number of pathological states, including malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the effectiveness of cell-free DNA as the biomarker of choice in emerging liquid biopsy applications highlights the role that EV/EP DNA may play as a novel disease biomarker. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of EV/EP DNA studies conducted to date, with a particular focus on the roles of EV/EP DNA as a functional mediator and molecular biomarker in various pathologic states. We also review what is currently known about the origins, structure, localisation and distribution of EV/EP DNA, highlighting current controversies as well as opportunities for future investigation.

scholarly journals Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan J. Vechetti
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Isolation Methods

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were initially characterized as “garbage bags” with the purpose of removing unwanted material from cells. It is now becoming clear that EVs mediate intercellular communication between distant cells through a transfer of genetic material, a process important to the systemic adaptation in physiological and pathological conditions. Although speculative, it has been suggested that the majority of EVs that make it into the bloodstream would be coming from skeletal muscle, since it is one of the largest organs in the human body. Although it is well established that skeletal muscle secretes peptides (currently known as myokines) into the bloodstream, the notion that skeletal muscle releases EVs is in its infancy. Besides intercellular communication and systemic adaptation, EV release could represent the mechanism by which muscle adapts to certain stimuli. This review summarizes the current understanding of EV biology and biogenesis and current isolation methods and briefly discusses the possible role EVs have in regulating skeletal muscle mass.

scholarly journals Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevindzh Kletukhina ◽  
Olga Neustroeva ◽  
Victoria James ◽  
Albert Rizvanov ◽  
Marina Gomzikova
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
New Evidence

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that takes place during embryonic development, wound healing, and under some pathological processes, including fibrosis and tumor progression. The molecular changes occurring within epithelial cells during transformation to a mesenchymal phenotype have been well studied. However, to date, the mechanism of EMT induction remains to be fully elucidated. Recent findings in the field of intercellular communication have shed new light on this process and indicate the need for further studies into this important mechanism. New evidence supports the hypothesis that intercellular communication between mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSCs) and resident epithelial cells plays an important role in EMT induction. Besides direct interactions between cells, indirect paracrine interactions by soluble factors and extracellular vesicles also occur. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of intercellular communication, through the transfer of biologically active molecules, genetic material (mRNA, microRNA, siRNA, DNA), and EMT inducers to the target cells, which are capable of reprogramming recipient cells. In this review, we discuss the role of intercellular communication by EVs to induce EMT and the acquisition of stemness properties by normal and tumor epithelial cells.

scholarly journals Advances in Technologies for Purification and Enrichment of Extracellular Vesicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Joo Chuan Yeo ◽  
Chwee Teck Lim
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Enrichment Technology

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-bound vesicles secreted by cells. Subtypes of EVs such as microvesicles and exosomes are further categorized mainly by their different biogenesis mechanisms. EVs have been revealed to play an important role in disease diagnosis and intercellular communication. Despite the wide interest in EVs, the technologies for the purification and enrichment of EVs are still in their infancy. The isolation of EVs, especially exosomes, is inherently challenging due to their small size and heterogeneity. In this review, we mainly introduce the advances of techniques in isolating microvesicles and exosomes according to their approaches. Also, we discuss the limitations of currently reported technologies in terms of their specificity and efficiency, and provide our thoughts about future developments of EV purification and enrichment technology.

scholarly journals Critical Roles of Tumor Extracellular Vesicles in the Microenvironment of Thoracic Cancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6024
Author(s):  
Lyna Kara-Terki ◽  
Lucas Treps ◽  
Christophe Blanquart ◽  
Delphine Fradin
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Tumor Growth And Metastasis

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, are critical mediators of intercellular communication between tumor cells and other cells located in the microenvironment but also in more distant sites. Exosomes are small EVs that can carry a variety of molecules, such as lipids, proteins, and non-coding RNA, especially microRNAs (miRNAs). In thoracic cancers, including lung cancers and malignant pleural mesothelioma, EVs contribute to the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment and to tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the recent understanding of how exosomes behave in thoracic cancers and how and why they are promising liquid biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, with a special focus on exosomal miRNAs.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles Orchestrate Immune and Tumor Interaction Networks

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3696
Author(s):  
Kevin Ho Wai Yim ◽  
Ala’a Al Hrout ◽  
Simone Borgoni ◽  
Richard Chahwan
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Intercellular Communications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as potent and intricate intercellular communication networks. From their first discovery almost forty years ago, several studies have bolstered our understanding of these nano-vesicular structures. EV subpopulations are now characterized by differences in size, surface markers, cargo, and biological effects. Studies have highlighted the importance of EVs in biology and intercellular communication, particularly during immune and tumor interactions. These responses can be equally mediated at the proteomic and epigenomic levels through surface markers or nucleic acid cargo signaling, respectively. Following the exponential growth of EV studies in recent years, we herein synthesize new aspects of the emerging immune–tumor EV-based intercellular communications. We also discuss the potential role of EVs in fundamental immunological processes under physiological conditions, viral infections, and tumorigenic conditions. Finally, we provide insights on the future prospects of immune–tumor EVs and suggest potential avenues for the use of EVs in diagnostics and therapeutics.

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