scholarly journals Multiplexing Visual Signals in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

Cell Reports ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1418-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Stinchcombe ◽  
Joshua W. Mouland ◽  
Kwoon Y. Wong ◽  
Robert J. Lucas ◽  
Daniel B. Forger
Keyword(s):  
Visual Signals ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SPERMATOGENESIS IN RATS BEARING HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS OF MAMMILLARY AND SUPRA-CHIASMATIC NUCLEI

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-280
Author(s):  
Bernard A. Rüedi
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Germinal Cell ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Hypothalamic Lesions ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Bilateral Lesions ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT A quantitative analysis of spermatogenesis has been made in rats bearing bilateral lesions of the lateral mammillary nuclei or of the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. There was no significant change in the germinal cell counts in lesioned rats as compared either with normal or with sham operated rats.

scholarly journals The Kinematics of Social Action: Visual Signals Provide Cues for What Interlocutors Do in Conversation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
James P. Trujillo ◽  
Judith Holler
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Manual Annotation ◽  
Conversational Interaction ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Rapid Processing

During natural conversation, people must quickly understand the meaning of what the other speaker is saying. This concerns not just the semantic content of an utterance, but also the social action (i.e., what the utterance is doing—requesting information, offering, evaluating, checking mutual understanding, etc.) that the utterance is performing. The multimodal nature of human language raises the question of whether visual signals may contribute to the rapid processing of such social actions. However, while previous research has shown that how we move reveals the intentions underlying instrumental actions, we do not know whether the intentions underlying fine-grained social actions in conversation are also revealed in our bodily movements. Using a corpus of dyadic conversations combined with manual annotation and motion tracking, we analyzed the kinematics of the torso, head, and hands during the asking of questions. Manual annotation categorized these questions into six more fine-grained social action types (i.e., request for information, other-initiated repair, understanding check, stance or sentiment, self-directed, active participation). We demonstrate, for the first time, that the kinematics of the torso, head and hands differ between some of these different social action categories based on a 900 ms time window that captures movements starting slightly prior to or within 600 ms after utterance onset. These results provide novel insights into the extent to which our intentions shape the way that we move, and provide new avenues for understanding how this phenomenon may facilitate the fast communication of meaning in conversational interaction, social action, and conversation.

In Syrian and European hamsters, the duration of sensitive phase to light of the suprachiasmatic nuclei depends on the photoperiod

1996 ◽  
Vol 208 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Vuillez ◽  
Nathalie Jacob ◽  
Rebecca Teclemariam-Mesbah ◽  
Paul Pévet
Keyword(s):  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Sensitive Phase

scholarly journals General Anaesthesia Shifts the Murine Circadian Clock in a Time-Dependant Fashion

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Nicola M. Ludin ◽  
Alma Orts-Sebastian ◽  
James F. Cheeseman ◽  
Janelle Chong ◽  
Alan F. Merry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Inhalational Anaesthetic ◽  
Locomotor Rhythms ◽  
Time Dependent Analysis

Following general anaesthesia (GA), patients frequently experience sleep disruption and fatigue, which has been hypothesized to result at least in part by GA affecting the circadian clock. Here, we provide the first comprehensive time-dependent analysis of the effects of the commonly administered inhalational anaesthetic, isoflurane, on the murine circadian clock, by analysing its effects on (a) behavioural locomotor rhythms and (b) PER2::LUC expression in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the mouse brain. Behavioural phase shifts elicited by exposure of mice (n = 80) to six hours of GA (2% isoflurane) were determined by recording wheel-running rhythms in constant conditions (DD). Phase shifts in PER2::LUC expression were determined by recording bioluminescence in organotypic SCN slices (n = 38) prior to and following GA exposure (2% isoflurane). Full phase response curves for the effects of GA on behaviour and PER2::LUC rhythms were constructed, which show that the effects of GA are highly time-dependent. Shifts in SCN PER2 expression were much larger than those of behaviour (c. 0.7 h behaviour vs. 7.5 h PER2::LUC). We discuss the implications of this work for understanding how GA affects the clock, and how it may inform the development of chronotherapeutic strategies to reduce GA-induced phase-shifting in patients.

Subcellular Localization and Complements of GABAA and GABAC Receptors on Bullfrog Retinal Bipolar Cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 666-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiu-Lin Du ◽  
Xiong-Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Subcellular Localization ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Gaba Receptor ◽  
Drug Application ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Inner Retina ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Retinal Bipolar Cells

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors on retinal bipolar cells (BCs) are highly relevant to spatial and temporal integration of visual signals in the outer and inner retina. In the present work, subcellular localization and complements of GABAA and GABACreceptors on BCs were investigated by whole cell recordings and local drug application via multi-barreled puff pipettes in the bullfrog retinal slice preparation. Four types of the BCs (types 1–4) were identified morphologically by injection of Lucifer yellow. According to the ramification levels of the axon terminals and the responses of these cells to glutamate (or kainate) applied at their dendrites, types 1 and 2 of BCs were supposed to be off type, whereas types 3 and 4 of BCs might be on type. Bicuculline (BIC), a GABAA receptor antagonist, and imidazole-4-acetic acid (I4AA), a GABAC receptor antagonist, were used to distinguish GABA receptor-mediated responses. In all BCs tested, not only the axon terminals but also the dendrites showed high GABA sensitivity mediated by both GABAA and GABACreceptors. Subcellular localization and complements of GABAA and GABAC receptors at the dendrites and axon terminals were highly related to the dichotomy of offand on BCs. In the case of off BCs, GABAA receptors were rather evenly distributed at the dendrites and axon terminals, but GABAC receptors were predominantly expressed at the axon terminals. Moreover, the relative contribution of GABAC receptors to the axon terminals was prevalent over that of GABAA receptors, while the situation was reversed at the dendrites. In the case of on BCs, GABAA and GABAC receptors both preferred to be expressed at the axon terminals; relative contributions of these two GABA receptor subtypes to both the sites were comparable, while GABAC receptors were much less expressed than GABAA receptors. GABAA, but not GABAC receptors, were expressed clusteringly at axons of a population of BCs. In a minority of BCs, I4AA suppressed the GABAC responses at the dendrites, but not at the axon terminal, implying that the GABAC receptors at these two sites may be heterogeneous. Taken together, these results suggest that GABAA and GABAC receptors may play different roles in the outer and inner retina and the differential complements of the two receptors on off and on BCs may be closely related to physiological functions of these cells.

scholarly journals Conspicuousness, phylogenetic structure, and origins of Müllerian mimicry in 4000 lycid beetles from all zoogeographic regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Motyka ◽  
Dominik Kusy ◽  
Michal Masek ◽  
Matej Bocek ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Single Region ◽  
General Appearance

AbstractBiologists have reported on the chemical defences and the phenetic similarity of net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) and their co-mimics. Nevertheless, our knowledge has remained fragmental, and the evolution of mimetic patterns has not been studied in the phylogenetic context. We illustrate the general appearance of ~ 600 lycid species and ~ 200 co-mimics and their distribution. Further, we assemble the phylogeny using the transcriptomic backbone and ~ 570 species. Using phylogenetic information, we closely scrutinise the relationships among aposematically coloured species, the worldwide diversity, and the distribution of aposematic patterns. The emitted visual signals differ in conspicuousness. The uniform coloured dorsum is ancestral and was followed by the evolution of bicoloured forms. The mottled patterns, i.e. fasciate, striate, punctate, and reticulate, originated later in the course of evolution. The highest number of sympatrically occurring patterns was recovered in New Guinea and the Andean mountain ecosystems (the areas of the highest abundance), and in continental South East Asia (an area of moderate abundance but high in phylogenetic diversity). Consequently, a large number of co-existing aposematic patterns in a single region and/or locality is the rule, in contrast with the theoretical prediction, and predators do not face a simple model-like choice but cope with complex mimetic communities. Lycids display an ancestral aposematic signal even though they sympatrically occur with differently coloured unprofitable relatives. We show that the highly conspicuous patterns evolve within communities predominantly formed by less conspicuous Müllerian mimics and, and often only a single species displays a novel pattern. Our work is a forerunner to the detailed research into the aposematic signalling of net-winged beetles.

scholarly journals Tibetan Macaques with Higher Social Centrality and More Relatives Emit More Frequent Visual Communication in Collective Decision-Making

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 876
Author(s):  
Zifei Tang ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
Mingyang Wu ◽  
Shiwang Chen ◽  
Jinhua Li
Keyword(s):  
Visual Communication ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Communication Behaviors ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Social Centrality

Animals on the move often communicate with each other through some specific postures. Previous studies have shown that social interaction plays a role in communication process. However, it is not clear whether the affinity of group members can affect visual communication. We studied a group of free-ranging Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan Mountain, China, and answered whether and how social centrality or relatives matter in visual signals during group movement using Tobit regression modeling. All individuals emitted the signals of back-glances and pauses in collective movement. The emission of two signals decreased with the number of participants increased. The back-glance and pause signals emitted by the participating individuals were stronger as the position moved backward in the group. Sex, age, and rank had no significant influence on back-glance and pause signals. Individuals with higher social centrality would emit more pause signals, but social centrality had no effect on the back-glance signal. Individuals with more relatives in the group had more back-glance signals, but this had no effect on the pause signal. This study verifies that social centrality and the number of relatives have effects on visual signals in Tibetan macaques. We provide insights into the relationship between communication behaviors and group cooperation in social animals.

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