scholarly journals Predictive Sensing: The Role of Motor Signals in Sensory Processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 842-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica X. Brooks ◽  
Kathleen E. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Motor Signals

Epilogue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno and
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Multisensory Interactions ◽  
Contemporary Work ◽  
New Perspective

Multisensory interactions in perception are pervasive and fundamental, as we have documented throughout this book. In this final chapter, we propose that contemporary work on multisensory processing is a paradigm shift in perception science, calling for a radical reconsideration of empirical and theoretical questions within an entirely new perspective. In making our case, we emphasize that multisensory perception is the norm, not the exception, and we remark that multisensory interactions can occur early in sensory processing. We reiterate the key notions that multisensory interactions come in different kinds and that principles of multisensory processing must be considered when tackling multisensory daily-life problems. We discuss the role of unisensory processing in a multisensory world, and we conclude by suggesting future directions for the multisensory field.

scholarly journals Selective Corticofugal Modulation on Sound Processing in Auditory Thalamus of Awake Marmosets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanqing Zhang ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Siyi Bai ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Medial Geniculate Body ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Medial Geniculate ◽  
Auditory Response ◽  
Corticofugal Feedback ◽  
Corticothalamic Feedback

Cortical feedback has long been considered crucial for modulation of sensory processing. In the mammalian auditory system, studies have suggested that corticofugal feedback can have excitatory, inhibitory, or both effects on the response of subcortical neurons, leading to controversies regarding the role of corticothalamic influence. This has been further complicated by studies conducted under different brain states. In the current study, we used cryo-inactivation in the primary auditory cortex (A1) to examine the role of corticothalamic feedback on medial geniculate body (MGB) neurons in awake marmosets. The primary effects of A1 inactivation were a frequency-specific decrease in the auditory response of MGB neurons coupled with an increased spontaneous firing rate, which together resulted in a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, we report for the first-time that A1 robustly modulated the long-lasting sustained response of MGB neurons which changed the frequency tuning after A1 inactivation, e.g., neurons with sharp tuning increased tuning bandwidth whereas those with broad tuning decreased tuning bandwidth. Taken together, our results demonstrate that corticothalamic modulation in awake marmosets serves to enhance sensory processing in a way similar to center-surround models proposed in visual and somatosensory systems, a finding which supports common principles of corticothalamic processing across sensory systems.

Specific Interventions and the Role of Occupational Therapy on Children With ASD

2022 ◽  
pp. 165-179
Author(s):  
Silvia-Raluca Matei ◽  
Damian Mircea Totolan ◽  
Claudia Salceanu
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Attention Span ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Sensory Activities

Occupational therapy focuses on children's sensory processing and modulation. This chapter approaches specific interventions on children with ASD from several perspectives. OT is based on sensory integrative approach when working with children with ASD: helping parents understand their child's behavior, helping children organize responses to sensory input. The sensory integrative approach is a formulated activity plan that helps people who haven't been able to develop their own sensory recognition program. This plan allows a child to integrate all sorts of different sensory activities in their day so they can engage in and begin to work with a wide variety of sensory inputs. This provides a wide number of benefits. Their focus and attention span increases because they won't have meltdowns from trying to process too much information; sensory integrative approach helps to rebuild/reform the child's nervous system. This allows them to physically handle more sensory input. As a result, OT has been proven effective in working with children with ASD.

Independent Coding of Wind Direction in Cockroach Giant Interneurons

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 2655-2661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Mizrahi ◽  
Frederic Libersat
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Cercal System ◽  
Giant Interneurons ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Left And Right

Mizrahi, Adi and Frederic Libersat. Independent coding of wind direction in cockroach giant interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2655–2661, 1997. In this study we examined the possible role of cell-to-cell interactions in the localization processing of a wind stimulus by the cockroach cercal system. Such sensory processing is performed primarily by pairs of giant interneurons (GIs), a group of highly directional cells. We have studied possible interactions among these GIs by comparing the wind sensitivity of a given GI before and after removing another GI with the use of photoablation. Testing various combinations of GI pairs did not reveal any suprathreshold interactions. This was true for all unilateral GI pairs on the left or right side as well as all the bilateral GI pairs (left and right homologues). Those experiments in which we were able to measure synaptic activity did not reveal subthreshold interactions between the GIs either. We conclude that the GIs code independently for a given wind direction without local GI–GI interactions. We discuss the possible implications of the absence of local interactions on information transfer in the first station of the escape circuit.

scholarly journals Sensorimotor function of the upper-airway muscles and respiratory sensory processing in untreated obstructive sleep apnea

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1644-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny J. Eckert ◽  
Yu L. Lo ◽  
Julian P. Saboisky ◽  
Amy S. Jordan ◽  
David P. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Tongue Protrusion ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Sensorimotor Impairment ◽  
Negative Pressures

Numerous studies have demonstrated upper-airway neuromuscular abnormalities during wakefulness in snorers and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. However, the functional role of sensorimotor impairment in OSA pathogenesis/disease progression and its potential effects on protective upper-airway reflexes, measures of respiratory sensory processing, and force characteristics remain unclear. This study aimed to gain physiological insight into the potential role of sensorimotor impairment in OSA pathogenesis/disease progression by comparing sensory processing properties (respiratory-related evoked potentials; RREP), functionally important protective reflexes (genioglossus and tensor palatini) across a range of negative pressures (brief pulses and entrained iron lung ventilation), and tongue force and time to task failure characteristics between 12 untreated OSA patients and 13 controls. We hypothesized that abnormalities in these measures would be present in OSA patients. Upper-airway reflexes (e.g., genioglossus onset latency, 20 ± 1 vs. 19 ± 2 ms, P = 0.82), early RREP components (e.g., P1 latency 25 ± 2 vs. 25 ± 1 ms, P = 0.78), and the slope of epiglottic pressure vs. genioglossus activity during iron lung ventilation (−0.68 ± 1.0 vs. −0.80 ± 2.0 cmH2O/%max, P = 0.59) were not different between patients and controls. Maximal tongue protrusion force was greater in OSA patients vs. controls (35 ± 2 vs. 27 ± 2 N, P < 0.01), but task failure occurred more rapidly (149 ± 24 vs. 254 ± 23 s, P < 0.01). Upper-airway protective reflexes across a range of negative pressures as measured by electromyography and the early P1 component of the RREP are preserved in OSA patients during wakefulness. Consistent with an adaptive training effect, tongue protrusion force is increased, not decreased, in untreated OSA patients. However, OSA patients may be vulnerable to fatigue of upper-airway dilator muscles, which could contribute to disease progression.

Identifying the Functional Role of Martinotti Cells in Cortical Sensory Processing

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. H. Cottam
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Pyramidal Cell ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Neural Computation ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Local Circuit ◽  
Processing Function

Inhibitory interneurons are highly diverse, although the functional significance of their diversity is not yet well understood. This presents a barrier to understanding neural computation at the local circuit level. This review focuses on a recent study by Murayama et al. who used a novel in vivo technique in neocortex to demonstrate a specific sensory processing function of dendritic-targeting Martinotti interneurons. The function of Martinotti cells arises from their interaction with layer 5 pyramidal cell dendrites.

Ryanodine-Sensitive Stores Regulate the Excitability of AH Neurons in the Myenteric Plexus of Guinea-Pig Ileum

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 2777-2785 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hillsley ◽  
J. L. Kenyon ◽  
T. K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Calcium Induced Calcium Release ◽  
Activity Dependent

Myenteric afterhyperpolarizing (AH) neurons are primary afferent neurons within the gastrointestinal tract. Stimulation of the intestinal mucosa evokes action potentials (AP) that are followed by a slow afterhyperpolarization (AHPslow) in the soma. The role of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ stores in modulating the electrical activity of myenteric AH neurons was investigated by recording membrane potential and bis-fura-2 fluorescence from 34 AH neurons. Mean resting [Ca2+]i was ∼200 nM. Depolarizing current pulses that elicited APs evoked AHPslow and an increase in [Ca2+]i, with similar time courses. The amplitudes and durations of AHPslow and the Ca2+ transient were proportional to the number of evoked APs, with each AP increasing [Ca2+]i by ∼50 nM. Ryanodine (10 μM) significantly reduced both the amplitude and duration (by 60%) of the evoked Ca2+ transient and AHPslow over the range of APs tested (1–15). Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) was graded and proportional to the number of APs, with each AP triggering a rise in [Ca2+]i of ∼30 nM Ca2+ via CICR. This indicates that CICR amplifies Ca2+ influx. Similar changes in [Ca2+]i and AHPslow were evoked by two APs in control and six APs in ryanodine. Thus, the magnitude of the change in bulk [Ca2+]i and not the source of the Ca2+ is the determinant of the magnitude of AHPslow. Furthermore, lowering of free [Ca2+]i, either by reducing extracellular Ca2+ or injecting high concentrations of Ca2+buffer, induced depolarization, increased excitability, and abolition of AHPslow. In addition, activation of synaptic input to AH neurons elicited a slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (sEPSP) that was completely blocked in ryanodine. These results demonstrate the importance of [Ca2+]i and CICR in sensory processing in AH neurons. Activity-dependent CICR may be a mechanism to grade the output of AH neurons according to the intensity of sensory input.

scholarly journals Antagonistic center-surround mechanisms for direction selectivity in the retina

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Ankri ◽  
Elishai Ezra-Tsur ◽  
Shir R. Maimon ◽  
Nathali Kaushansky ◽  
Michal Rivlin-Etzion
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Model ◽  
Starburst Amacrine Cells ◽  
Modeling Data

SummaryA key feature in sensory processing is center-surround receptive field antagonism. Retinal direction-selectivity (DS) relies on asymmetric inhibition from starburst amacrine cells (SAC) to direction selective ganglion cells (DSGC). SAC exhibit antagonistic center-surround, depolarizing to light increments and decrements in their center and surround, respectively, but the role of this property in DS remains elusive. We found that a repetitive stimulation exhausts SAC center and enhances its surround and used it to distinguish center-from surround-mediated responses. Center, but not surround stimulation, induced direction-selective responses in SAC, as predicted by an elementary spatiotemporal model. Nevertheless, both SAC center and surround elicited direction-selective responses in DSGCs, but to opposite directions. Physiological and morphology-based modeling data show that the opposed responses resulted from inverted DSGC’s excitatory-inhibitory temporal balance, indicating that SAC response time rules DS. Our findings reveal antagonistic center-surround mechanisms for DS, and demonstrate how context-dependent center-surround reorganization enables flexible computations.

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