scholarly journals In vitro and in vivo approaches to study osteocyte biology

Bone ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Kalajzic ◽  
Brya G. Matthews ◽  
Elena Torreggiani ◽  
Marie A. Harris ◽  
Paola Divieti Pajevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Approaches To Study

scholarly journals Identification and analysis of bacterial virulence genes in vivo

2000 ◽  
Vol 355 (1397) ◽  
pp. 613-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E. Unsworth ◽  
David W. Holden
Keyword(s):  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Bacterial Virulence ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Approaches To Study

Signature–tagged mutagenesis is a mutation–based screening method for the identification of virulence genes of microbial pathogens. Genes isolated by this approach fall into three classes: those with known biochemical function, those of suspected function and some whose functions cannot be predicted from database searches. A variety of in vitro and in vivo methods are available to elucidate the function of genes of the second and third classes. We describe the use of some of these approaches to study the function of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium . This virulence determinant is required for intracellular survival. Secretion by this system is induced by an acidic pH, and its function may be to alter trafficking of the Salmonella –containing vacuole. Use of a temperature–sensitive non–replicating plasmid and competitive index tests with other genes show that in vivo phenotypes do not always correspond to those predicted from in vitro studies.

In vivo, Ex Vivo, and In Vitro Approaches to Study Intermediate Filaments in the Eye Lens

2016 ◽  
pp. 581-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Jarrin ◽  
Laura Young ◽  
Weiju Wu ◽  
John M. Girkin ◽  
Roy A. Quinlan
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Filaments ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Eye Lens ◽  
Approaches To Study

scholarly journals The role of GTP binding and hydrolysis at the atToc159 preprotein receptor during protein import into chloroplasts

2008 ◽  
Vol 183 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Wang ◽  
Birgit Agne ◽  
Felix Kessler ◽  
Danny J. Schnell
Keyword(s):  
Protein Import ◽  
Insertion Mutation ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Direct Binding ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Type Receptor ◽  
Isolated Chloroplasts

The majority of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins are targeted to the organelle by direct binding to two membrane-bound GTPase receptors, Toc34 and Toc159. The GTPase activities of the receptors are implicated in two key import activities, preprotein binding and driving membrane translocation, but their precise functions have not been defined. We use a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches to study the role of the Toc159 receptor in the import reaction. We show that atToc159-A864R, a receptor with reduced GTPase activity, can fully complement a lethal insertion mutation in the ATTOC159 gene. Surprisingly, the atToc159-A864R receptor increases the rate of protein import relative to wild-type receptor in isolated chloroplasts by stabilizing the formation of a GTP-dependent preprotein binding intermediate. These data favor a model in which the atToc159 receptor acts as part of a GTP-regulated switch for preprotein recognition at the TOC translocon.

scholarly journals In Vivo Imaging-Driven Approaches to Study Virus Dissemination and Pathogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 501-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep D. Uchil ◽  
Kelsey A. Haugh ◽  
Ruoxi Pi ◽  
Walther Mothes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Imaging ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Living Organisms

Viruses are causative agents for many diseases and infect all living organisms on the planet. Development of effective therapies has relied on our ability to isolate and culture viruses in vitro, allowing mechanistic studies and strategic interventions. While this reductionist approach is necessary, testing the relevance of in vitro findings often takes a very long time. New developments in imaging technologies are transforming our experimental approach where viral pathogenesis can be studied in vivo at multiple spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, we outline a vision of a top-down approach using noninvasive whole-body imaging as a guide for in-depth characterization of key tissues, physiologically relevant cell types, and pathways of spread to elucidate mechanisms of virus spread and pathogenesis. Tool development toward imaging of infectious diseases is expected to transform clinical diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals SV40 AssemblyIn VivoandIn Vitro

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariella Oppenheim ◽  
O. Ben-nun-Shaul ◽  
S. Mukherjee ◽  
M. Abd-El-Latif
Keyword(s):  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Encapsidation Signal ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Nucleation Centre ◽  
Capsid Protein Vp1

The Simian virus 40 (SV40) capsid is aT = 7dicosahedral lattice ∼45 nm in diameter surrounding the ∼5 kb circular minichromosome. The outer shell is composed of 360 monomers of the major capsid protein VP1, tightly bound in 72 pentamers. VP1 is a jellyroll β-barrel, with extending N- and C-terminal arms. The N-terminal arms bind DNA and face the interior of the capsid. The flexible C-arms tie together the 72 pentamers in three distinct kinds of interactions, thus facilitating the formation of aT = 7 icosahedron from identical pentameric building blocks. Assemblyin vivowas shown to occur by addition of capsomers around the DNA. We apply a combination of biochemical and genetic approaches to study SV40 assembly. Ourin vivoandin vitrostudies suggest the following model: one or two capsomers bind at a high affinity toses, the viral DNA encapsidation signal, forming the nucleation centre for assembly. Next, multiple capsomers attach concomitantly, at lower affinity, around the minichromosome. This increases their local concentration facilitating rapid, cooperative assembly reaction. Formation of the icosahedron proceeds either by gradual addition of single pentamers to the growing shell or by concerted assembly of pentamer clusters.

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches to Study Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments During Mitosis

2022 ◽  
pp. 123-138
Author(s):  
Sana Afreen ◽  
Amit Rahi ◽  
Adriana G. Landeros ◽  
Manas Chakraborty ◽  
Richard J. McKenney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Approaches To Study

scholarly journals Bioengineering Models for Breast Cancer Research

2015 ◽  
Vol 9s2 ◽  
pp. BCBCR.S29424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadidiatou Guiro ◽  
Treena L. Arinzeh
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Culture Models ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Cell Culture Models

Despite substantial advances in early diagnosis, breast cancer (BC) still remains a clinical challenge. Most BC models use complex in vivo models and two-dimensional monolayer cultures that do not fully mimic the tumor microenvironment. The integration of cancer biology and engineering can lead to the development of novel in vitro approaches to study BC behavior and quantitatively assess different features of the tumor microenvironment that may influence cell behavior. In this review, we present tissue engineering approaches to model BC in vitro. Recent advances in the use of three-dimensional cell culture models to study various aspects of BC disease in vitro are described. The emerging area of studying BC dormancy using these models is also reviewed.

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