Cellulosic sugars from biomass: Effect of acid presoaking on pretreatment efficiency and operating cost estimation for sugar production

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 100259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Hua Chen ◽  
Ming-Feng Jang ◽  
Siang-Long Jheng ◽  
Ching-Jui Lo ◽  
Wei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Cellulosic Sugars

scholarly journals Revisiting a Funding Model for University-led Dental Clinics: The Case of Complete Denture Fabrication Case of Complete Denture Fabrication

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohana Ahmad ◽  
◽  
Nur Amalina Zul ◽  
Siti Anisah Mohtar ◽  
Marc Tennant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Complete Denture ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Patient Records ◽  
Complete Dentures ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Dental Instruments ◽  
Number Of Visits

Objectives: University-led dental clinics are rarely seen as core to the national healthcare system. Thus, when publicly funded universities experience a decline in government support, dental clinic services operated by students are confronted by a potentially inadequate operating budget. Prompted by the need for strategic resource allocation, this study seeks to quantify the resources consumed in the construction of complete dentures by undergraduate students in an effort to identify opportunities for cost-cutting measures. Methods: Clinical cases were retrieved from the logbooks of graduating students of Class 2015, and patient records were reviewed to identify and quantify all clinical and laboratory procedures involved in constructing a set of complete dentures. Cost estimation was carried out using the activity-based method on the basis of direct medical costs. Results: A total of 83 patient records were reviewed. The average number of visits required to fabricate a set of complete dentures was 10 (range, 6–20 visits) with an average total cost of MYR2131±538 (€450±114). The number of visits contributed substantially to the total cost, and procedures requiring multiple visits included secondary impression and jaw relation recording. The major cost components were dental equipment (44%), laboratory costs (28%), dental consumables (17%), salaries (7%), and dental instruments (3%). Conclusion: The operating cost for training students in denture fabrication is substantial. Schools should formulate strategies to reduce the number of patient visits by ensuring that students optimize the time spent per visit. A financially sustainable model to fund dental training is necessary to ensure that quality of care is not compromised in university-led clinics.

scholarly journals ESTIMATING CAPITAL AND OPERATIONAL COSTS OF BACKHOE SHOVELS

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Reza Sayadi ◽  
Ali Lashgari ◽  
Mohammad Majid Fouladgar ◽  
Miroslaw J. Skibniewski
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Optimum Type

Material loading is one of the most critical operations in earthmoving projects. A number of different equipment is available for loading operations. Project managers should consider different technical and economic issues at the feasibility study stage and try to select the optimum type and size of equipment fleet, regarding the production needs and project specifications. The backhoe shovel is very popular for digging, loading and flattening tasks. Adequate cost estimation is one of the most critical tasks in feasibility studies of equipment fleet selection. This paper presents two different cost models for the preliminary and detailed feasibility study stages. These models estimate the capital and operating cost of backhoe shovels using uni-variable exponential regression (UVER) as well as multi-variable linear regression (MVLR), based on principal component analysis. The UVER cost model is suitable for quick cost estimation at the early stages of project evaluation, while the MVLR cost function, which is more detailed, can be useful for the feasibility study stage. Independent variables of MVLR include bucket size, digging depth, dump height, weight and power. Model evaluations show that these functions could be a credible tool for cost estimations in prefeasibility and feasibility studies of mining and construction projects.

The Degradation Simulation of Compressor Salt Fog Fouling for Marine Gas Turbine

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunpeng Cao ◽  
Lie Chen ◽  
Jianwei Du ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
Qingcai Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Performance Degradation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Degradation Factor ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Salt Fog

When a gas turbine operates in a marine environment, gradual performance degradation occurs due to salt fog in the compressor and turbine. Regular water washing of a gas turbine can effectively restore the performance loss caused by compressor salt fog fouling on the flow passage. However, inappropriate washing will increase maintenance costs, cause unnecessary down time and premature erosion of leaf surfaces. In this paper, a coefficient matching method for a three shaft marine gas turbine salt fog fouling degradation factor model is proposed, which can establish a model of salt fog fouling degradation factor according to a change in operating time and exhaust temperature in the washing cycle. The influences of load, environment temperature, inlet pressure loss and salt fog fouling rate on the performance degradation of the gas turbine are simulated and analyzed; then, the degradation regularity of the performance parameters of the gas turbine under different operating conditions and fouling degrees is obtained. Finally, a method of operating cost estimation for marine gas turbines is proposed that can estimate the cost of transient change and cumulative change in the cleaning cycle caused by the salt fog fouling, which can help the operator to determine the cleaning strategy and reduce the operation cost of the gas turbine.

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