Periodically harvested closures require full protection of vulnerable species and longer closure periods

2016 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Goetze ◽  
Tim Langlois ◽  
Joachim Claudet ◽  
Fraser Januchowski-Hartley ◽  
Stacy D. Jupiter
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerable Species ◽  
Full Protection

In Vitro Effects of Urokinase — Prevention by Different Inhibitors

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (03) ◽  
pp. 402-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Oethinger ◽  
E Seifried
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Thrombin Time ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Chloromethyl Ketone ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Dose Time ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Full Protection

SummaryThe present in vitro study investigated dose-, time- and temperature-dependent effects of two-chain urokinase plasminogen activato(u-PA, urokinase) on normal citrated plasma. When 10 μg/ml u-PA wereadded to pooled normal plasma and incubated for 30 min at an ambient temperature (25° C), α2-antiplas-min decreased to 8% of the control value. Incubation on ice yielded a decrease to 45% of control,whereas α2-antiplasmin was fully consumed at 37° C. Fibrinogen and plasminogen fell to 46% and 39%, respectively, after a 30 min incubation at 25° C. Thrombin time prolonged to 190% of control.Various inhibitors were studied with respect to their suitability and efficacy to prevent these in vitro effects. Aprotinin exhibited a good protective effect on fibrinogen at concentrations exceeding 500 KlU/ml plasma. Its use, however, was limited due to interferences with some haemostatic assays. We could demonstrate that L-Glutamyl-L-Glycyl-L-Arginyl chloromethyl ketone (GGACK) and a specific polyclonal anti-u-PA-antibody (anti-u-PA-IgG) effectively inhibited urokinase-induced plasmin generation without interfering with haemostatic assays. The anti-u-PA-antibody afforded full protection ofα2-antiplasmin at therapeutic levels of u-PA.It is concluded that u-PA in plasma samples from patients during thrombolytic therapy may induce in vitro effects which should be prevented by the use of a suitable inhibitor such as GGACK or specific anti-u-PA-antibody.

Diligentia quam in suis as a Technique for a Contextual Application of the Full Protection and Security Standard: Considering the Level of Development of Host States in International Investment Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-611
Author(s):  
Nitish Monebhurrun
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
International Investment Law ◽  
Local Means ◽  
Security Standard ◽  
Maximum Protection ◽  
Investment Law ◽  
Full Protection

With international investment law as the background to this study, the present article examines how the full protection and security standard can be construed from the perspective of developing states hosting foreign investments. The research delves into classical public international law to argue that the diligentia quam in suis rule can be used as a means of interpretation to strike a balance between foreign investors’ and developing states’ interests when construing the full protection and security standard. The rule provides that any expected due diligence from the state party is necessarily of a subjective nature. This means that developing host states must deploy their best efforts to offer maximum protection to foreign investors not on an in abstracto basis but as per their local means and capacity. Accordingly, the standard is presented as an adaptable and flexible one which moulds its contours as per the level of development of the host state. Such flexibility does not imply condoning states’ abuse and negligence. The article explains how the diligentia quam in suis rule enables a conciliation between the full protection and security standard and the host state's level of development while rationalising the standard's application to developing nations.

Systematics and evolution of Lentibulariaceae: III. Utricularia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Jobson ◽  
Paulo C. Baleeiro ◽  
Cástor Guisande
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Vulnerable Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Utricularia is a morphologically and ecologically diverse genus currently comprising more than 230 species divided into three subgenera—Polypompholyx, Utricularia, and Bivalvaria—and 35 sections. The genus is distributed worldwide except on the poles and most oceanic islands. The Neotropics has the highest species diversity, followed by Australia. Compared to its sister genera, Utricularia has undergone greater rates of speciation, which are linked to its extreme morphological flexibility that has resulted in the evolution of habitat-specific forms: terrestrial, rheophytic, aquatic, lithophytic, and epiphytic. Molecular phylogenetic studies have resolved relationships for 44% of the species across 80% of the sections. Scant data are available for phylogeography or population-level processes such as gene flow, hybridization, or pollination. Because nearly 90% of the species are endemics, data are urgently needed to determine how to protect vulnerable species and their habitats.

scholarly journals A novel DNA and protein combination COVID-19 vaccine formulation provides full protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 342-355
Author(s):  
Yuzhong Li ◽  
Yanwei Bi ◽  
Hongjian Xiao ◽  
Yueting Yao ◽  
Xiaojuan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Vaccine Formulation ◽  
Full Protection

Saving the gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan t. troglodytes) of the Congo Basin

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline E. G. Tutin
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Vulnerable Species ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Equatorial Africa ◽  
Invasive Techniques

The forests of the Congo Basin in equatorial Africa are home to significant populations of gorillas and chimpanzees. However, numbers are declining owing to hunting and to alteration of their habitat. Gorillas and chimpanzees are particularly vulnerable for biological reasons: slow reproduction, prolonged developmental periods and complex social behaviour. In addition, their capacity to recover from disturbance is limited and the reinforcement of wild populations with captive-born individuals is rarely an option. Compared with the critically endangered mountain gorillas and the beleaguered chimpanzees in forest fragments in West Africa, there are some reasons for optimism about the future of the Congo Basin apes: levels of threat remain relatively low; and conservation of tropical rainforests has become a priority of the international community. At the same time, knowledge of the ecological needs of wild apes has increased and non-invasive techniques now exist to monitor population health. Sadly, no animals remain truly ‘wild’, as their survival depends to a greater or lesser extent on management. Protected areas and laws that forbid hunting of vulnerable species are classic tools of management, but broader landscape visions are now emerging that may allow the Congo Basin to avoid the fragile scenario of larger animals persisting only in ‘island’ parks.

scholarly journals Improved Protection in a Rabbit Model of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Necrotizing Pneumonia upon Neutralization of Leukocidins in Addition to Alpha-Hemolysin

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 6333-6340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binh An Diep ◽  
Vien T. M. Le ◽  
Zehra C. Visram ◽  
Harald Rouha ◽  
Lukas Stulik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Human Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alpha Hemolysin ◽  
Full Protection

ABSTRACTCommunity-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA), especially the USA300 pulsotype, is a frequent cause of skin and soft tissue infections and severe pneumonia. Despite appropriate antibiotic treatment, complications are common and pneumonia is associated with high mortality.S. aureusstrains express multiple cytotoxins, including alpha-hemolysin (Hla) and up to five bicomponent leukocidins that specifically target phagocytic cells for lysis. CA-MRSA USA300 strains carry the genes for all six cytotoxins. Species specificity of the leukocidins greatly contributes to the ambiguity regarding their role inS. aureuspathogenesis. We performed a comparative analysis of the leukocidin susceptibility of human, rabbit, and mouse polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to assess the translational value of mouse and rabbitS. aureusmodels. We found that mouse PMNs were largely resistant to LukSF-PV, HlgAB, and HlgCB and susceptible only to LukED, whereas rabbit and human PMNs were highly sensitive to all these cytotoxins. In the rabbit pneumonia model with a USA300 CA-MRSA strain, passive immunization with a previously identified human monoclonal antibody (MAb), Hla-F#5, which cross-neutralizes Hla, LukSF-PV, HlgAB, HlgCB, and LukED, provided full protection, whereas an Hla-specific MAb was only partially protective. In the mouse USA300 CA-MRSA pneumonia model, both types of antibodies demonstrated full protection, suggesting that Hla, but not leukocidin(s), is the principal virulence determinant in mice. As the rabbit recapitulates the high susceptibility to leukocidins characteristic of humans, this species represents a valuable model for assessing novel, cytotoxin-targeting anti-S. aureustherapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Mouse Macrophages Carrying Both Subunits of the Human Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) Receptor Respond to Human IFN-γ but Do Not Acquire Full Protection against Viral Cytopathic Effect

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (51) ◽  
pp. 32659-32666 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lembo ◽  
Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli ◽  
Gottfried Alber ◽  
Laurence Ozmen ◽  
Santo Landolfo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Human Interferon ◽  
Mouse Macrophages ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Full Protection ◽  
Viral Cytopathic Effect

scholarly journals Successful Memory Response following a Booster Dose with a Virosome-Formulated Hepatitis A Vaccine Delayed Up to 11 Years

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Hatz ◽  
Robert van der Ploeg ◽  
Bernhard R. Beck ◽  
Gert Frösner ◽  
Marjory Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Memory Response ◽  
Primary Dose ◽  
Full Protection

ABSTRACTBoosting adult travelers with the virosome-formulated, aluminum-free hepatitis A vaccine Epaxal up to 128 months after a single primary dose confers full protection against hepatitis A, even in travelers aged 50 years and above. Delaying the booster dose did not influence the immune memory response to Epaxal.

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