Measuring behaviour accurately with instantaneous sampling: A new tool for selecting appropriate sampling intervals

2016 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilhelmiina Hämäläinen ◽  
Salla Ruuska ◽  
Tuomo Kokkonen ◽  
Saana Orkola ◽  
Jaakko Mononen
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Instantaneous Sampling

scholarly journals Water baths for farmed mink: intra-individual consistency and inter-individual variation in swimming behaviour, and effects on stereotyped behaviour

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MONONEN ◽  
M. MOHAIBES ◽  
S. SAVOLAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Stereotyped Behaviour ◽  
Swimming Behaviour ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Instantaneous Sampling ◽  
Individual Consistency

Swimming behaviour and effects of water baths on stereotyped behaviour in farmed mink (Mustela vison) were studied in three experiments. The singly-housed mink had access from their home cages to extra cages with 20.5 litre water baths. Two short-term experiments aimed to investigate how quickly adult and juvenile mink start using and how consistently they use water baths over 10 days, and whether the extent of the use correlates between dams and their females kits. A four-month experiment was designed to compare the development of stereotyped behaviour in juvenile mink housed with and without swimming opportunity. The behavioural analyses were based on several 24-hour video recordings carried out in all three experiments. There were obvious inter-individual differences and intra-individual consistency in swimming frequency and time. Farmed mink’s motivation to swim can be assessed in short-term experiments, and measurement of water losses from the swimming baths and use of instantaneous sampling with 10 min sampling intervals provide quite reliable measures of the amount of swimming. The bath use of the juveniles correlated with that of their dams, indicating that an individual mink’s eagerness to swim may have a genetic component. The lower amount of stereotyped behaviour in mink housed with water baths indicates that long-term access to baths may alleviate frustration in singly-housed juvenile farmed mink.;

scholarly journals Technical note: Instantaneous sampling intervals validated from continuous video observation for behavioral recording of feedlot lambs1

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 4703-4707 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Pullin ◽  
M. D. Pairis-Garcia ◽  
B. J. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Campler ◽  
K. L. Proudfoot
Keyword(s):  
Technical Note ◽  
Video Observation ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Instantaneous Sampling

scholarly journals Bias correction for direct spectral estimation from irregularly sampled data including sampling schemes with correlation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Damaschke ◽  
Volker Kühn ◽  
Holger Nobach
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Estimation ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Discrete Distribution ◽  
Irregular Sampling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
Sampling Schemes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Irregularly Sampled Data

AbstractThe prediction and correction of systematic errors in direct spectral estimation from irregularly sampled data taken from a stochastic process is investigated. Different sampling schemes are investigated, which lead to such an irregular sampling of the observed process. Both kinds of sampling schemes are considered, stochastic sampling with non-equidistant sampling intervals from a continuous distribution and, on the other hand, nominally equidistant sampling with missing individual samples yielding a discrete distribution of sampling intervals. For both distributions of sampling intervals, continuous and discrete, different sampling rules are investigated. On the one hand, purely random and independent sampling times are considered. This is given only in those cases, where the occurrence of one sample at a certain time has no influence on other samples in the sequence. This excludes any preferred delay intervals or external selection processes, which introduce correlations between the sampling instances. On the other hand, sampling schemes with interdependency and thus correlation between the individual sampling instances are investigated. This is given whenever the occurrence of one sample in any way influences further sampling instances, e.g., any recovery times after one instance, any preferences of sampling intervals including, e.g., sampling jitter or any external source with correlation influencing the validity of samples. A bias-free estimation of the spectral content of the observed random process from such irregularly sampled data is the goal of this investigation.

scholarly journals Cerebral CT Perfusion in Acute Stroke: The Effect of Lowering the Tube Load and Sampling Rate on the Reproducibility of Parametric Maps

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121
Author(s):  
Georgios S. Ioannidis ◽  
Søren Christensen ◽  
Katerina Nikiforaki ◽  
Eleftherios Trivizakis ◽  
Kostas Perisinakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Ct Perfusion ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Temporal Sampling ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Parametric Maps

The aim of this study was to define lower dose parameters (tube load and temporal sampling) for CT perfusion that still preserve the diagnostic efficiency of the derived parametric maps. Ninety stroke CT examinations from four clinical sites with 1 s temporal sampling and a range of tube loads (mAs) (100–180) were studied. Realistic CT noise was retrospectively added to simulate a CT perfusion protocol, with a maximum reduction of 40% tube load (mAs) combined with increased sampling intervals (up to 3 s). Perfusion maps from the original and simulated protocols were compared by: (a) similarity using a voxel-wise Pearson’s correlation coefficient r with in-house software; (b) volumetric analysis of the infarcted and hypoperfused volumes using commercial software. Pearson’s r values varied for the different perfusion metrics from 0.1 to 0.85. The mean slope of increase and cerebral blood volume present the highest r values, remaining consistently above 0.7 for all protocol versions with 2 s sampling interval. Reduction of the sampling rate from 2 s to 1 s had only modest impacts on a TMAX volume of 0.4 mL (IQR −1–3) (p = 0.04) and core volume of −1.1 mL (IQR −4–0) (p < 0.001), indicating dose savings of 50%, with no practical loss of diagnostic accuracy. The lowest possible dose protocol was 2 s temporal sampling and a tube load of 100 mAs.

scholarly journals Temporal variation of the phytoplankton community at short sampling intervals in the Mundaú reservoir, Northeastern Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 970-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ênio Wocyli Dantas ◽  
Ariadne do Nascimento Moura ◽  
Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira ◽  
João Dias de Toledo Arruda Neto ◽  
Airlton de Deus C. Cavalcanti
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Abiotic Variables ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

The aim of this study was to determine how abiotic factors drive the phytoplankton community in a water supply reservoir within short sampling intervals. Samples were collected at the subsurface (0.1 m) and bottom of limnetic (8 m) and littoral (2 m) zones in both the dry and rainy seasons. The following abiotic variables were analyzed: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, pH, total nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus and orthophosphate. Phytoplankton biomass was determined from biovolume values. The role abiotic variables play in the dynamics of phytoplankton species was determined by means of Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Algae biomass ranged from 1.17×10(4) to 9.21×10(4) µg.L-1; cyanobacteria had biomass values ranging from 1.07×10(4) to 8.21×10(4) µg.L-1. High availability of phosphorous, nitrogen limitation, alkaline pH and thermal stability all favored cyanobacteria blooms, particularly during the dry season. Temperature, pH, total phosphorous and turbidity were key factors in characterizing the phytoplankton community between sampling times and stations. Of the species studied, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii populations were dominant in the phytoplankton in both the dry and rainy seasons. We conclude that the phytoplankton was strongly influenced by abiotic variables, particularly in relation to seasonal distribution patterns.

scholarly journals The effect of sampling interval on the predictions of an asperity contact model of two-process surfaces

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pawlus ◽  
R. Reizer ◽  
M. Wieczorowski ◽  
W. Żelasko
Keyword(s):  
Surface Region ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Plasticity Index ◽  
Contact Model ◽  
Asperity Contact ◽  
Normal Contact ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Surface Separation ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Flat Steel

AbstractContact of random machined two-process steel textures with a smooth, flat steel surface is discussed in this paper. Two-process surfaces were machined by vapour blasting followed by lapping. An elastic-plastic contact model was applied, assuming distributed radius of asperities. Calculation procedures allowed the mean surface separation, contact pressure, and area fraction to be computed as functions of sampling intervals. Parameters characterizing the summits important in contact mechanics were calculated for different sampling intervals. Plasticity index of two-process textures was calculated using the modified procedure. It was found that the influence of sampling interval on normal contact depended on the rough surface ability to plastic deformation. The use of a traditional method of calculation overestimated the plasticity index. Peaks from plateau surface region governed contact characteristics of two-process surfaces.

scholarly journals A Bayesian Approach to Estimation and Testing in Time-course Microarray Experiments

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Angelini ◽  
Daniela De Canditiis ◽  
Margherita Mutarelli ◽  
Marianna Pensky
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Microarray Experiment ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Microarray Experiments ◽  
Analytic Expressions ◽  
Sampling Intervals ◽  
Nonparametric Techniques

The objective of the present paper is to develop a truly functional Bayesian method specifically designed for time series microarray data. The method allows one to identify differentially expressed genes in a time-course microarray experiment, to rank them and to estimate their expression profiles. Each gene expression profile is modeled as an expansion over some orthonormal basis, where the coefficients and the number of basis functions are estimated from the data. The proposed procedure deals successfully with various technical difficulties that arise in typical microarray experiments such as a small number of observations, non-uniform sampling intervals and missing or replicated data. The procedure allows one to account for various types of errors and offers a good compromise between nonparametric techniques and techniques based on normality assumptions. In addition, all evaluations are performed using analytic expressions, so the entire procedure requires very small computational effort. The procedure is studied using both simulated and real data, and is compared with competitive recent approaches. Finally, the procedure is applied to a case study of a human breast cancer cell line stimulated with estrogen. We succeeded in finding new significant genes that were not marked in an earlier work on the same dataset.

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