Age-related differences in task switching and task preparation: Exploring the role of task-set competition

2016 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Hirsch ◽  
Tina Schwarzkopp ◽  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Stefanie Reese ◽  
Iring Koch
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Task Preparation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Task

The role of task preparation and task inhibition in age-related task-switching deficits.

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1130-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Lawo ◽  
Andrea M. Philipp ◽  
Stefanie Schuch ◽  
Iring Koch
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Task Preparation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Task

A Review of the Role of Cue Processing in Task Switching

2013 ◽  
Vol 221 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Jost ◽  
Wouter De Baene ◽  
Iring Koch ◽  
Marcel Brass
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Set Switching ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Cue Encoding ◽  
Cue Processing

The role of cue processing has become a controversial topic in research on cognitive control using task-switching procedures. Some authors suggested a priming account to explain switch costs as a form of encoding benefit when the cue from the previous trial is repeated and hence challenged theories that attribute task-switch costs to task-set (re)configuration. A rich body of empirical evidence has evolved that indeed shows that cue-encoding repetition priming is an important component in task switching. However, these studies also demonstrate that there are usually substantial “true” task-switch costs. Here, we review this behavioral, electrophysiological, and brain imaging evidence. Moreover, we describe alternative approaches to the explicit task-cuing procedure, such as the usage of transition cues or the task-span procedure. In addition, we address issues related to the type of cue, such as cue transparency. We also discuss methodological and theoretical implications and argue that the explicit task-cuing procedure is suitable to address issues of cognitive control and task-set switching.

scholarly journals No-go trials in task switching: effects on the task-set and task-space level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Scheil ◽  
Thomas Kleinsorge
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Task Space ◽  
Response Level ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Common Marker ◽  
Task Sets ◽  
And Task

AbstractA common marker for inhibition processes in task switching are n − 2 repetition costs. The present study aimed at elucidating effects of no-go trials on n − 2 repetition costs. In contrast to the previous studies, no-go trials were associated with only one of the three tasks in the present two experiments. High n − 2 repetition costs occurred if the no-go task had to be executed in trial n − 2, irrespective of whether a response had to be withheld or not. In contrast, no n − 2 repetition costs were visible if the other two tasks were relevant in n − 2. Whereas this n − 2 effect was unaffected by whether participants could reliably exclude a no-go trial or not, effects of no-gos in trial n were determined by this knowledge. The results differ from effects of no-go trials that are not bound to a specific task. It is assumed that the present no-go variation exerted its effect not on the response level, but on the level of task sets, resulting in enhanced salience of the no-go task that leads to higher activation and, as a consequence, to stronger inhibition. The dissociation of the effects on no-gos in trials n − 2 and n as a function of foreknowledge suggests that the balance between activation and inhibition is shifted not only for single trials and tasks, but for the whole task space.

scholarly journals The role of white matter microstructure in age-related deficits in task-switching

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolly Todd ◽  
Michie Pat ◽  
Fulham William ◽  
Cooper Patrick ◽  
Levi Christopher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Age Related ◽  
White Matter Microstructure

Reconceptualizing mind wandering from a switching perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Sheng Wong ◽  
Adrian R. Willoughby ◽  
Liana Machado
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Resource Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theories Of Mind ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Older Populations ◽  
And Task

Mind wandering is a universal phenomenon in which our attention shifts away from the task at hand toward task-unrelated thoughts. Despite it inherently involving a shift in mental set, little is known about the role of cognitive flexibility in mind wandering. In this article we consider the potential of cognitive flexibility as a mechanism for mediating and/or regulating the occurrence of mind wandering. Our review begins with a brief introduction to the prominent theories of mind wandering—the executive failure hypothesis, the decoupling hypothesis, the process-occurrence framework, and the resource-control account of sustained attention. Then, after discussing their respective merits and weaknesses, we put forward a new perspective of mind wandering focused on cognitive flexibility, which provides an account more in line with the data to date, including why older populations experience a reduction in mind wandering. After summarizing initial evidence prompting this new perspective, drawn from several mind-wandering and task-switching studies, we recommend avenues for future research aimed at further understanding the importance of cognitive flexibility in mind wandering.

scholarly journals How Task Set and Task Switching Modulate Perceptual Processes: Is Recognition of Facial Emotion an Exception?

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Elchlepp ◽  
Stephen Monsell ◽  
Aureliu Lavric
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Facial Emotion ◽  
Task Set ◽  
And Task

scholarly journals On the Role of Dissipating Inhibition in Task Switching

2013 ◽  
Vol 221 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Vandierendonck
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Task Set ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

The n-2 repetition cost has been explained by persisting inhibition of a previously valid task set which dissipates over time. This account has two implications, namely that the switch cost decreases with the number of tasks involved in switching and that the cost should also be observed in switching between two tasks. Neither of these implications is supported by empirical evidence. An alternative view is briefly discussed.

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