scholarly journals Comparative in vitro analyses of recombinant maize starch synthases SSI, SSIIa, and SSIII reveal direct regulatory interactions and thermosensitivity

2016 ◽  
Vol 596 ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binquan Huang ◽  
Peter L. Keeling ◽  
Tracie A. Hennen-Bierwagen ◽  
Alan M. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Maize Starch ◽  
Regulatory Interactions ◽  
Starch Synthases

scholarly journals Molecular rearrangement of waxy and normal maize starch granules during in vitro digestion

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 10-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Teng ◽  
Torsten Witt ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Jovin Hasjim
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Molecular Rearrangement ◽  
Normal Maize

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Digestibility of Native Maize Starch Granules Varying in Amylose Contents

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 1628-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Morita ◽  
Yusuke Ito ◽  
Ian Lewis Brown ◽  
Ryuichi Ando ◽  
Shuhachi Kiriyama
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Gelatinization Temperature ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation

Abstract Digestibility of maize starch granules with different amylose content (AL-0, 22, 54, 68, 80, or 90) was investigated. Measurement of the in vivo resistant starch (RS) content of the starches was performed using surgically prepared ileorectostomized rats. The rats were fed a purified diet containing one of the starches at 652.5 g/kg diet. The in vivo RS content was determined based on the fecal starch excretion. The dietary fiber (DF) value increased as a function of the amylose content in the starch and showed a positive linear correlation with the gelatinization temperature of the granules. In contrast, the in vitro RS content was likely to depend on both the surface area and amylose contents of the starch granules. The maximum in vitro RS content was obtained with AL-68 (54.4). In vivo RS content showed a significant correlation with the amount of in vitro RS but not in respect to the DF detected. The in vivo RS content of AL-68 (43.4) was higher than that found in AL-90 (37.8). A profound gap was observed for AL-54 between the amount of DF (6.4) and RS (in vitro = 46.6 and in vivo = 40.9) present. The results suggest that both in vitro and in vivo digestibility of maize starch is affected by the amylose content and surface area of the granules. The current evaluation suggests that the physiological occurrence of RS from maize starch might be predictable by reference to the in vitro RS value.

Polysaccharide source altered ecological network, functional profile, and short-chain fatty acid production in a porcine gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Long ◽  
S. de Vries ◽  
K. Venema
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Ecological Network ◽  
Functional Profile ◽  
Vitro Model

Several validated dynamic in vitro models of the colon have been developed for humans, but there is no dynamic in vitro fermentation model for pigs. This study was conducted to modify the human, dynamic, computer-controlled TNO in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2) for pigs and investigate effects of different starch sources and polysaccharides on swine microbiota structure, ecological network, predictive functional profile, and short-chain fatty acids production. Our study showed that three different types of starch or two polysaccharides greatly impacted microbiota composition. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that microbiota fed with different sources of starch changed the network topological properties. Functional profiles were predicted to vary significantly among the three starch treatments, and the original pig faecal inoculum was more similar to maize starch treatment. On the other hand, compared with maize starch and arabinoxylans (AX), the microbial composition of the original inoculum was more similar when AX-XG (arabinoxylans and xyloglucan) were added, and the functional profile of the original inoculum also clustered with AX-XG. The cumulative production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acid on maize starch were significantly higher than those on potato starch and wheat starch, while only the amount of acetic acid was significant higher on AX-XG than that on AX. In conclusion, supplementation of maize starch as the starch source together with AX and XG, leads to the bacteria being more stable in the in vitro model and closer to the original inoculum and microbial function compared to potato starch, wheat starch and AX. A maize basal diet may improve energy absorption in the large intestine in growing pigs.

Oral intake of slowly digestible α-glucan, isomaltodextrin, stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in the small intestine of rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-626
Author(s):  
Yoshihiko Komuro ◽  
Takashi Kondo ◽  
Shingo Hino ◽  
Tatsuya Morita ◽  
Naomichi Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

AbstractTo investigate whether oral intake of highly branched α-glucan isomaltodextrin (IMD) could stimulate ileal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, we examined (1) the digestibility of IMD, (2) the digestion and absorption rates of IMD, in rat small intestine and (3) portal GLP-1 concentration in rats given IMD. In Expt 1, ileorectostomised rats were given a 3 % IMD diet for 10 d. Separately, a 16-h in vitro digestion of IMD, using porcine pancreatic α-amylase and brush-border membrane vesicles from rat small intestine, was conducted. In Expt 2, upon 24-h fasting, rats were given any of glucose, IMD and high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) (1 g/kg of body weight). In Expt 3, caecectomised rats were given 0·2 % neomycin sulphate and a 5 % IMD diet for 10 d. The in vivo and in vitro digestibility of IMD was 70–80 %. The fraction of IMD digested in vitro for the first 120 min was 67 % of that in maize starch. The AUC for 0–120 min of plasma glucose concentration was significantly lower in HAMS group and tended to be lower in IMD group than in the glucose group. Finally, we also observed that, when compared with control rats, glucose of IMD significantly stimulated and improved the concentration of portal active GLP-1 in antibiotic-administered, caecectomised rats. We concluded that IMD was slowly digested and the resulting glucose stimulated GLP-1 secretion in rat small intestine. Oral delivery of slowly released IMD glucose to the small intestine probably exerts important, yet unknown, physiological effects on the recipient.

Microstructural Changes and In Vitro Digestibility of Maize Starch Treated with Different Calcium Compounds Used in Nixtamalization Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1900303
Author(s):  
Cesar Roldan‐Cruz ◽  
Samuel Garcia‐Diaz ◽  
Angeles Garcia‐Hernandez ◽  
Jose Alvarez‐Ramirez ◽  
E. Jaime Vernon‐Carter
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Microstructural Changes ◽  
Calcium Compounds

Effect of monensin on in vitro fermentation of maize starch by hindgut contents of cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Marounek ◽  
O. Petr ◽  
L. Machañová
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Total Volatile Fatty Acid

SUMMARYContents of the caecum and the colon of four steers and four cows fed concentrate-plus-roughage diets were obtained at an abattoir, transferred to the laboratory and incubated anaerobically with maize starch in the presence (10mg/l) or absence of monensin. Samples taken at the end of incubation were assayed for fermentation acids and methane production.Monensin significantly increased the molar percentage of propionate and decreased that of butyrate. Acetate percentage was not significantly influence by the addition of monensin. There was no consistent effect of monensin on total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Monensin decreased methanogenesis in all incubations. The production of methane was small, only 1 mmol/13–50 mmol of volatile fatty acid.

scholarly journals Therv1184cLocus Encodes Chp2, an Acyltransferase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Polyacyltrehalose Lipid Biosynthesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan H. Touchette ◽  
Cynthia M. Holsclaw ◽  
Mary L. Previti ◽  
Viven C. Solomon ◽  
Julie A. Leary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Serine Hydrolase ◽  
Acyltransferase Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regulatory Interactions ◽  
Similar Phenotype ◽  
Lipid Transporter

Trehalose glycolipids are found in many bacteria in the suborderCorynebacterineae, but methyl-branched acyltrehaloses are exclusive to virulent species such as the human pathogenMycobacterium tuberculosis. InM. tuberculosis, the acyltransferase PapA3 catalyzes the formation of diacyltrehalose (DAT), but the enzymes responsible for downstream reactions leading to the final product, polyacyltrehalose (PAT), have not been identified. The PAT biosynthetic gene locus is similar to that of another trehalose glycolipid, sulfolipid 1. Recently, Chp1 was characterized as the terminal acyltransferase in sulfolipid 1 biosynthesis. Here we provide evidence that the homologue Chp2 (Rv1184c) is essential for the final steps of PAT biosynthesis. Disruption ofchp2led to the loss of PAT and a novel tetraacyltrehalose species, TetraAT, as well as the accumulation of DAT, implicating Chp2 as an acyltransferase downstream of PapA3. Disruption of the putative lipid transporter MmpL10 resulted in a similar phenotype. Chp2 activity thus appears to be regulated by MmpL10 in a relationship similar to that between Chp1 and MmpL8 in sulfolipid 1 biosynthesis. Chp2 is localized to the cell envelope fraction, consistent with its role in DAT modification and possible regulatory interactions with MmpL10. Labeling of purified Chp2 by an activity-based probe was dependent on the presence of the predicted catalytic residue Ser141 and was inhibited by the lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin (THL). THL treatment ofM. tuberculosisresulted in selective inhibition of Chp2 over PapA3, confirming Chp2 as a member of the serine hydrolase superfamily. Efforts to producein vitroreconstitution of acyltransferase activity using straight-chain analogues were unsuccessful, suggesting that Chp2 has specificity for native methyl-branched substrates.

scholarly journals THE OPTIMIZATION OF JELLIFYING AGENT COMPOSITION ON REGENERATION OF IN VITRO OBTAINED POTATO MICROPLANTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
H. M. Shevaha ◽  
M. M. Kyryk ◽  
V. M. Hunchak ◽  
T. M. Oliinyk
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Potato Plants

Results of studies on the optimization of Murashige and Skoog culture medium withmodified maize starch for the acceleration of potato plants micropropogation are provided. Ithas been established that the method modification increases surveillance parameters, promotesactive in vitro growth and development of potato springs.

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