From Egosystem to Ecosystem: Motivations of the Self in a Social World

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Crocker ◽  
Amy Canevello
Keyword(s):  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-691
Author(s):  
Amanda Auerbach

“Affective Transmission and the Invention of Characters in the Victorian Bildungsroman” reconsiders several novels about young women as they make their way into a larger social world. Rather than achieving self-discipline, as has frequently been argued, heroines such as Lucy Snowe, Maggie Tulliver, and Margaret Hale tend to be overpowered by interpersonal emotions. They distance themselves from these affects by attributing them to fictitious characters. The gendered variation of the larger tradition this article sketches out calls into question the premise of the bildungsroman as a whole, raising the possibility that the adjustment of the self to external realities is never as complete as it seems.


Author(s):  
James H. Wittebols

This paper synthesizes theory and research on confirmation bias (CB), curiosity, and news/information literacy education with the goal of understanding how helping students critique their tendency to engage in CB spurs curiosity and critical consciousness about learning. Curiosity about the self is spurred when people realize their CB tendencies. Curiosity about the larger social world is spurred when students learn how CB affects the way they look at the world. A flipped classroom approach reflects the work of Paulo Freire, who argued critical education should be experiential with faculty playing a facilitating, rather than an “expert” role.


Author(s):  
Arthur Brittan

Symbolic interactionism is in the main a US sociological and social psychological perspective that has focused on the reciprocal relationship between language, identity and society. Philosophically it has largely been associated with pragmatists such as James (1907), Mead (1934), Dewey (1922) and Pierce (1958), although in the European context it has affinities with hermeneutics and phenomenology. In addition, it has links with various ‘dramaturgical’ approaches to communication that emphasize the interactive processes underpinning the construction, negotiation, presentation and affirmation of the self. In brief, symbolic interactionism is premised on the supposition that human beings are ‘active’ and not ‘reactive’. Although it is not easy to spell out the central propositions of Symbolic Interactionism in a systematic way, nevertheless, most of its proponents are committed to an interactive view of self and society, that is, they take issue with those views that see the social world as a seamless unity that completely encapsulates and determines individual conduct.


Author(s):  
Sandra Evans ◽  
Jane Garner

Old age can be a challenging time for people. It brings with it changes which include losses as well as opportunities for shifting one’s focus. Societal perceptions of ageing and projections of negative values associated with being old can act as a further blow to peoples’ general resilience. This chapter explores some of these societal projections over the centuries, in public and political life and in the arts. It examines how these influences may impact on women personally as we get older, including how we become ill psychologically and how we react to illness. What the authors consider to be important is that in late life, opportunities for restoration of the self still exist. People can and do recover from mental illness and older women can and do contribute to the wider social world in ways other than as mothers and carers.


2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Moore ◽  
Carol Jasper ◽  
Alex Gillespie

Research on the dialogical self has tended to emphasize instability over stability. Grossen and Salazar Orvig (2011) show how norms, values, material objects, and institutions feed into the stability of the self. We expand upon this contribution by introducing Goffman’s (1974) concept of “frames” to theorize both stability and instability. Social interactions do not begin with individuals but with socially given and pre-existing cultural-historical frames which people are called upon to inhabit. Frames comprise historical, institutional, material, and cultural aspects. The key point is that action within a frame tends to stabilize the self, while being caught between frames tends to destabilize the self. The concept of frames can thus provide a clear link between the structure of the social world and the structure of the dialogical self. We use the concept of frames to distinguish the stability produced by one set of expectations, within one frame, from the peculiar instability and dialogical tensions which result from being embedded in discrepant or contradictory frames.


2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Woods

As the narrative turn enters its fourth decade, the task of identifying the limits of narrative and of exploring alternative approaches to interpreting the self and social world is growing in urgency. This article calls for scholars in the medical humanities to undertake this project through critically (re)engaging the work of Galen Strawson, Paul Atkinson and Crispin Sartwell.


2012 ◽  
pp. 67-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Lambert ◽  
Eric Pezet

This paper investigates the practices whereby the subject, in an organisational context, carries out systematic practices of self-discipline and becomes a calculative self. In particular, we explore the techniques of conduct developed by management accountants in a French carmaker, which adheres to a neoliberal environment. We show how these management accountants become calculative selves by building the very measurement of their own performance. The organisation thereby emerges as the cauldron in which a Homo liberalis is forged. Homo liberalis is the individual capable of constructing for him/her the political self-discipline establishing his/her relationship with the social world on the basis of measurable performance. The management accountants studied in this article prefigure the Homo liberalis in the self-discipline they develop to act in compliance with the organisation’s goals.


Author(s):  
Harvey L. Hix

      On the premise that sound ecological decision depends on sound ecological description, this essay takes the contrast between randomness and design as the provocation for a redescription of the human ecological situation. In phenomenological terms, it argues, our ecological condition includes the randomness effect, namely that something appears “random” or “designed” to me, not because of how it is, but because of how I stand in relation to it. In metaphysical terms, our ecological condition realizes influence asymmetry, the principle that in any system, the subsuming has more influence on the subsumed than vice versa: the influence of a system on an entity within it is relatively strong, immediate, comprehensive, and immitigable; the influence of the entity on the system is relatively weak, mediated, partial, and mitigable. In psychological terms, our ecological condition reflects umbrasubjectivity, the condition of the self not in more or less symmetrical relation to a similar self, but in an asymmetrical relation to a dissimilar. This essay concludes that ecological description in terms of the randomness effect, influence asymmetry, and umbrasubjectivity shifts ecological deliberation and ecological decision away from ethics and economics, toward poetics, and begins to reflect on a number of upshots: technocracy cannot overcome the ecological situation of humans; ecology occurs under the sign of mystery, not of problem; ecology is a social project, situated in a social world; ecology is interminable; market principles are inadequate to, because irrelevant to, our ecological situation; ethical principles are inadequate to, because irrelevant to, our ecological situation. As a result, ecology more closely resembles the religious than the ethical; and a redescribed ecology also repositions ecopoetics. Resumen      Dado que una decisión ecológica sensata depende de una descripción ecológica sensata, el presente ensayo toma el contraste entre el azar y el diseño como la provocación para una re-descripción de la situación ecológica humana. En términos fenomenológicos, como se argumenta, nuestra situación ecológica incluye el efecto del azar, es decir, que algo se nos presenta como "azar" o "diseño" no porque cómo es, sino por cómo nos situamos en relación a ello. En términos metafísicos, nuestra condición ecológica realiza la asimetría de la influencia, el principio de que en todo sistema lo incluyente influye más en lo incluido, que viceversa: la influencia de un sistema en una entidad interior es relativamente fuerte, inmediata, abarcadora, y no se puede mitigar; la influencia de la entidad en el sistema es relativamente débil, parcial, y se puede mediar y mitigar. En términos psicológicos, nuestra condición ecológica refleja la umbrasubjetividad, la condición del propio ser basada en no estar en una relación más o menos simétrica con un ser parecido, sino en una relación asimétrica con un otro disímil. Se concluye que la descripción ecológica en términos del efecto del azar, de la asimetría de la influencia y de la umbrasubjetividad aparta la deliberación ecológica y la decisión ecológica lejos de la ética y de la economía, para desplazarlas hacia la poética. Esto conduce a una serie de conclusiones: la tecnocracia no puede superar la situación ecológica de los humanos; la ecología actúa bajo el signo del misterio y no del problema; la ecología es un proyecto social situado en un mundo social; la ecología es interminable; los principios del mercado son inadecuados, ya que son irrelevantes, con respecto a nuestra situación ecológica; los principios éticos son inadecuados, ya que son irrelevantes, con respecto a nuestra situación ecológica; la ecología se asemeja más lo religioso que a lo ético; y una ecología re-descrita al mismo tiempo re-posiciona la ecopoética.  


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