The impact of constant and fluctuating oxygen concentrations and two water consumption rates on post-smolt atlantic salmon production parameters

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.I. Forsberg ◽  
A. Bergheim
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Salmon Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Hospital Disaster Response Using Business Impact Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Suginaka ◽  
Ken Okamoto ◽  
Yohei Hirano ◽  
Yuichi Fukumoto ◽  
Miki Morikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Business Impact ◽  
Hospital Operations ◽  
Major Disaster ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroductionThe catastrophic Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 created a crisis in a university-affiliated hospital by disrupting the water supply for 10 days. In response, this study was conducted to analyze water use and prioritize water consumption in each department of the hospital by applying a business impact analysis (BIA). Identifying the minimum amount of water necessary for continuing operations during a disaster was an additional goal.ProblemWater is essential for many hospital operations and disaster-ready policies must be in place for the safety and continued care of patients.MethodsA team of doctors, nurses, and office workers in the hospital devised a BIA questionnaire to examine all operations using water. The questionnaire included department name, operation name, suggested substitutes for water, and the estimated daily amount of water consumption. Operations were placed in one of three ranks (S, A, or B) depending on the impact on patients and the need for operational continuity. Recovery time objective (RTO), which is equivalent to the maximum tolerable period of disruption, was determined. Furthermore, the actual use of water and the efficiency of substitute methods, practiced during the water-disrupted periods, were verified in each operation.ResultsThere were 24 activities using water in eight departments, and the estimated water consumption in the hospital was 326 (SD = 17) m3per day: 64 (SD = 3) m3for S (20%), 167 (SD = 8) m3for A (51%), and 95 (SD = 5) m3for B operations (29%). During the disruption, the hospital had about 520 m3of available water. When the RTO was set to four days, the amount of water available would have been 130 m3per day. During the crisis, 81% of the substitute methods were used for the S and A operations.ConclusionThis is the first study to identify and prioritize hospital operations necessary for the efficient continuation of medical treatment during suspension of the water supply by applying a BIA. Understanding the priority of operations and the minimum daily water requirement for each operation is important for a hospital in the event of an unexpected adverse situation, such as a major disaster.SuginakaH,OkamotoK,HiranoY,FukumotoY,MorikawaM,OodeY,SumiY,InoueY,MatsudaS,TanakaH.Hospital disaster response using business impact analysis.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(5):1-8.

Water Quality Violations and Avoidance Behavior: Evidence from Bottled Water Consumption

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Graff Zivin ◽  
Matthew Neidell ◽  
Wolfram Schlenker
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Poor Water Quality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

We examine the impact of poor water quality on avoidance behavior by estimating the change in bottled water purchases in response to drinking water violations. Using data from a national grocery chain matched with water quality violations, we find an increase in bottled water sales of 22 percent from violations due to microorganisms and 17 percent from violations due to elements and chemicals. Back-of-the envelope calculations yield costs of avoidance behavior at roughly $60 million for all nationwide violations in 2005, which likely reflects a significant understatement of the total willingness to pay to eliminate violations.

Discussion of Oxygen Threshold Level for Corrosion Management in Seawater Injection Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Vicente Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Abstract Generally, in water injection systems, oxygen levels starting from around eight ppm are deoxygenated to below 50 ppm, following international standards' guidelines. This work aims to discuss the impact of such a magnitude value of oxygen contamination on steel corrosion in seawater injection systems by analysing theoretical polarisation curves and results from published works with different approaches. Corrosion models consider mass-transfer controlled diffusion of oxygen to predict the maximum steel corrosion rate, which depends on the oxygen limiting current, which in turn is strongly influenced by flow velocity. The effect of free chlorine on corrosion in seawater injection systems has also been considered and included in an oxygen equivalent parameter. In such systems, where oxygen reduction is the key cathodic reaction, the corrosion process may be under cathodic activation control, independent of flow at higher velocities or when erosion-corrosion begins. In this work, theoretical polarisation curves were constructed by using published oxygen and chlorine cathodic limiting currents (iLc) on carbon steel and a noble metal electrode, respectively. Aerated (200 ppb and 9000 ppb of oxygen) and deaerated conditions (50 ppb of oxygen) and the presence of 300 ppb of chlorine were applied to the assumed exchange current densities (io). Neutral (pH 7) and acid (pH 4) conditions (considering the presence of CO2) were also assumed to be at room temperature and pressure. Since the corrosion rate in lower oxygen concentrations (ppb order of magnitude) may result in corrosion rates of the same order of magnitude than in higher oxygen concentrations (ppm order of magnitude) when comparing and analysing results from experimental, semi-empirical or mechanistic approaches, it is necessary to weigh up the effects of both steel surface (bare or scaled/corrosion products) and flow. At oxygen concentrations below 200 ppb and under acid conditions, the contribution of H+ reduction on corrosion rate starts to be higher than oxygen reduction, mainly in the absence of chlorine.

Elements in the development of conservation plans for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 312-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian J Dodson ◽  
R John Gibson ◽  
Richard A Cunjak ◽  
Kevin D Friedland ◽  
Carlos Garcia de Leaniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Conservation Unit ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Conservation Plan ◽  
Conservation Plans ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines two areas to be considered in developing conservation plans for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): goal statements and the general framework for the implementation of a conservation plan. From a biological perspective, the appropriate conservation unit for Atlantic salmon is the Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU). As conservation decisions will rarely be based solely on biological information, the Operational Conservation Unit (OCU) is defined as resulting from the interplay between biological requirements and socio-economic issues. A multi-scale habitat inventory of Atlantic salmon rivers to know what their status is relative to historical conditions is the first step in a functional conservation plan. The viability of salmon populations may be assessed according to 6 variables: abundance, resilience, age and size structure, sex ratio, spatial and geographical distribution. A genetically viable population possesses the species' evolutionary legacy and the genetic variation on which future evolutionary potential depends. Four factors important to monitoring changes in a population's genetic health are genetic diversity, effective population size, genetic bottlenecks and founder effects and gene flow. Implementation of a conservation plan must be proactive to maintain the quality of the OCUs. Commercial and recreational fisheries need to be limited and several case studies are reviewed. The importance of avoiding the introduction of exotics and minimizing the impact of sampling methodology, as well as the pitfalls of planting eggs, fry, or parr, are addressed. Finally, the importance of fostering public awareness of the value of conservation is essential to apply the political pressure necessary to preserve natural resources.

scholarly journals Risk-adjusted antibiotic consumption in 34 public acute hospitals in Ireland, 2006 to 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Oza ◽  
Fionnuala Donohue ◽  
Howard Johnson ◽  
Robert Cunney
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Risk Adjustment ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Acute Hospitals ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Hospital Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Bed Days ◽  
The Impact

As antibiotic consumption rates between hospitals can vary depending on the characteristics of the patients treated, risk-adjustment that compensates for the patient-based variation is required to assess the impact of any stewardship measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of patient-based administrative data variables for adjusting aggregate hospital antibiotic consumption rates. Data on total inpatient antibiotics and six broad subclasses were sourced from 34 acute hospitals from 2006 to 2014. Aggregate annual patient administration data were divided into explanatory variables, including major diagnostic categories, for each hospital. Multivariable regression models were used to identify factors affecting antibiotic consumption. Coefficient of variation of the root mean squared errors (CV-RMSE) for the total antibiotic usage model was very good (11%), however, the value for two of the models was poor (> 30%). The overall inpatient antibiotic consumption increased from 82.5 defined daily doses (DDD)/100 bed-days used in 2006 to 89.2 DDD/100 bed-days used in 2014; the increase was not significant after risk-adjustment. During the same period, consumption of carbapenems increased significantly, while usage of fluoroquinolones decreased. In conclusion, patient-based administrative data variables are useful for adjusting hospital antibiotic consumption rates, although additional variables should also be employed.

scholarly journals Innovative approaches to manage entomophages production

2020 ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
V. P. Lysenko ◽  
I. S. Chernova
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
It Management ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Stepwise Development ◽  
Intelligent Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Innovative Approaches

Annotation Purpose. Improving the efficiency of entomophages production by developing innovative approaches for it management. Methods. System approach, intelligent information technologies. Results. Innovative approaches for it management of entomophages production have been developed, which consist of: determining and ranking the factors that have the greatest impact on the quality of entomological products, and factors that lead to substandard products; the creation of structural and parametric complexes for assessing product quality; real-time assessment of the intensity of entomocultures development processes; automation of management abiotic parameters stepwise development of insects (temperature and relative humidity of the box for growing of insects) in real time; determining the quality of entomological products in conditions of incomplete information, taking into account the impact of a combination of abiotic and biotic production parameters; calculation of optimal values of production parameters in conditions of uncertainty; systematization of knowledge about the interaction of heterogeneous parameters in the production of entomophages. Conclusions. The proposed innovative approaches to manage the production of entomophages can increase its efficiency by forming optimal management strategies, using the technological experience of specialists and modern intelligent information technologies in particular, SCADA-systems, fuzzy logic theory and cognitive analysis. Keywords: innovative approaches, production of entomophages, intelligent information technologies.

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