The Quickest Thought Is the Natural Unit of Time

1973 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Willem Van Hoorn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Unit

scholarly journals Defining the Rhizobium leguminosarum Species Complex

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Peter W. Young ◽  
Sara Moeskjær ◽  
Alexey Afonin ◽  
Praveen Rahi ◽  
Marta Maluk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Natural Unit ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Distinct Entity ◽  
Type Strains ◽  
Core Genes

Bacteria currently included in Rhizobium leguminosarum are too diverse to be considered a single species, so we can refer to this as a species complex (the Rlc). We have found 429 publicly available genome sequences that fall within the Rlc and these show that the Rlc is a distinct entity, well separated from other species in the genus. Its sister taxon is R. anhuiense. We constructed a phylogeny based on concatenated sequences of 120 universal (core) genes, and calculated pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANI) between all genomes. From these analyses, we concluded that the Rlc includes 18 distinct genospecies, plus 7 unique strains that are not placed in these genospecies. Each genospecies is separated by a distinct gap in ANI values, usually at approximately 96% ANI, implying that it is a ‘natural’ unit. Five of the genospecies include the type strains of named species: R. laguerreae, R. sophorae, R. ruizarguesonis, “R. indicum” and R. leguminosarum itself. The 16S ribosomal RNA sequence is remarkably diverse within the Rlc, but does not distinguish the genospecies. Partial sequences of housekeeping genes, which have frequently been used to characterize isolate collections, can mostly be assigned unambiguously to a genospecies, but alleles within a genospecies do not always form a clade, so single genes are not a reliable guide to the true phylogeny of the strains. We conclude that access to a large number of genome sequences is a powerful tool for characterizing the diversity of bacteria, and that taxonomic conclusions should be based on all available genome sequences, not just those of type strains.

scholarly journals A meta-analytical answer to the crisis of confidence of Psychology

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Botella ◽  
Juan I. Durán
Keyword(s):  
Publication Bias ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Natural Unit ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Analytical Perspective ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Personal Interests

Meta-analysis is a firmly established methodology and an integral part of the process of generating knowledge across the empirical sciences. Meta-analysis has also focused on methodology and has become a dominant critic of methodological shortcomings. We highlight several problematic issues on how we research in psychology: excess of heterogeneity in the results and difficulties for replication, publication bias, suboptimal methodological quality, and questionable practices of the researchers. These and other problems led to a “crisis of confidence” in psychology. We discuss how the meta-analytical perspective and its procedures can help to overcome the crisis. A more cooperative perspective, instead of a competitive one, can shift to consider replication as a more valuable contribution. Knowledge cannot be based in isolated studies. Given the nature of the object of study of psychology the natural unit to generate knowledge must be the estimated distribution of the effect sizes, not the dichotomous decision on statistical significance in specific studies. Some suggestions are offered on how to redirect researchers' research and practices, so that their personal interests and those of science as such are better aligned.

Perception of Interaurally Segmented Syllables

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Berry ◽  
R. G. Daniloff ◽  
Lisa Holstead
Keyword(s):  
Natural Unit ◽  
Normal Adults

Monosyllabic, meaningful syllables of 2 types were perceived by 11 normal adults under a temporal distortion in which the syllable was switched suddenly between right and left ears while being heard. CCV-type syllables were better heard than VCC-type syllables. These results are construed as support for the notion that CCV-syllables are the more ‘natural’ unit of syllable decoding-encoding.

scholarly journals Power Sum Expansion of Chromatic Quasisymmetric Functions

10.37236/4761 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos A. Athanasiadis
Keyword(s):  
Symmetric Group ◽  
Symmetric Function ◽  
Symmetric Functions ◽  
Unit Interval ◽  
Quasisymmetric Function ◽  
Interval Order ◽  
Combinatorial Formula ◽  
Natural Unit ◽  
Power Sum ◽  
Chromatic Symmetric Function

The chromatic quasisymmetric function of a graph was introduced by Shareshian and Wachs as a refinement of Stanley's chromatic symmetric function. An explicit combinatorial formula, conjectured by Shareshian and Wachs, expressing the chromatic quasisymmetric function of the incomparability graph of a natural unit interval order in terms of power sum symmetric functions, is proven. The proof uses a formula of Roichman for the irreducible characters of the symmetric group.

Response-Produced vs Non-Response-Produced Visual Stimuli for Distance Judgments in Natural and Unnatural Units by Children and Adults

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olin W. Smith ◽  
Patricia Cain Smith
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Natural Unit ◽  
The Third ◽  
Distance Judgments

Three hypotheses were tested. (1) Response-produced visual stimuli (RPVS) would yield smaller errors of distance judgments of arm length, a natural unit, than non-RPVS. (2) Errors of judgments of distance in a natural unit would be smaller than those in arbitrary units. (3) Effects of development, if any, would be greatest for judgments of distance in an unnatural unit and judgments based on non-RPVS. The first two hypotheses remained tenable while the third did not.

Generic space curves and secants

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Local Structure ◽  
Natural Unit ◽  
Space Curves ◽  
Generic Curve

SynopsisIn this paper, we study the local structure of the secant mapping of a pair of disjoint curves. We show that for generic curves, the secant map and unit secant maps are locally stable. If we allow our curves to coincide, we can define anew unit secant map to be the natural unit tangent map near the diagonal. This is, for a generic curve, a locally stablemap away from the diagonal. Along the diagonal, it is locally stable as a ℤ2 symmetric germ (the ℤ2 symmetry originating with reflection in the diagonal).

scholarly journals A communicative approach to early word learning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Yurovsky
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Natural Unit ◽  
Statistical Structure ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Computational Problem ◽  
Level Problem ◽  
Communicative Signals ◽  
Computational Level

Young children learn the meanings of thousands of words by the time they can run down the street. Many efforts to explain this rapid development generally begin by assuming that the computational-level problem being solved is acquisition. Consequently, work in this line has sought to understand how children infer the meanings of words from cues in the communicative signals of the speakers around them. I will argue, however, that this formulation of the problem is backwards: the computational problem is communication, and language acquisition provides cues about how to communicate successfully. Under this framing, the natural unit of analysis is not the child, but the parent-child dyad. A necessary consequence of this shift is the realization that the statistical structure of the input to the child is itself dependent on the child. This dependency radically simplifies the computational problem of learning and using language.

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