Selective Attention and Error Processing in an Illusory Conjunction Task

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albertus A. Wijers ◽  
Maarten A.S. Boksem
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Illusory Conjunction ◽  
Conjunction Error ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Display Element ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Feature Error ◽  
High Level ◽  
Correct Target

Abstract. We recorded event-related potentials in an illusory conjunction task, in which subjects were cued on each trial to search for a particular colored letter in a subsequently presented test array, consisting of three different letters in three different colors. In a proportion of trials the target letter was present and in other trials none of the relevant features were present. In still other trials one of the features (color or letter identity) were present or both features were present but not combined in the same display element. When relevant features were present this resulted in an early posterior selection negativity (SN) and a frontal selection positivity (FSP). When a target was presented, this resulted in a FSP that was enhanced after 250 ms as compared to when both relevant features were present but not combined in the same display element. This suggests that this effect reflects an extra process of attending to both features bound to the same object. There were no differences between the ERPs in feature error and conjunction error trials, contrary to the idea that these two types of errors are due to different (perceptual and attentional) mechanisms. The P300 in conjunction error trials was much reduced relative to the P300 in correct target detection trials. A similar, error-related negativity-like component was visible in the response-locked averages in correct target detection trials, in feature error trials, and in conjunction error trials. Dipole modeling of this component resulted in a source in a deep medial-frontal location. These results suggested that this type of task induces a high level of response conflict, in which decision-related processes may play a major role.

scholarly journals Re-Paying Attention to Visitor Behavior: A Re-Analysis using Meta-Analytic Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yone Castro ◽  
Juan Botella ◽  
Mikel Asensio
Keyword(s):  
Walking Speed ◽  
Visitor Studies ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Museum Visitors ◽  
Visitor Behavior ◽  
Display Element ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
New Research

AbstractThe present study describes a meta-analytic review of museum visitors’ behavior. Although there is a large number of visitor studies available, their cumulative importance has not been determined due to the lack of rigorous methods to determine common causes of visitors’ behaviors. We analyzed Serrell’s (1998) database of 110 studies, defining a number of variables that measure visitors’ behaviors in exhibition spaces which exceeded the most typical and obvious ones. We defined four indexes of effect size and obtained their combined estimates: average time per feature [ATF● = 0.43 (0.49; 0.37)], percentage of diligent visitors [dv● = 30% (0.39; 0.23)], inverse of velocity [Iv● = 4.07 min/100m2 (4.55; 3.59)], and stops per feature [SF● = 0.35 (0.38; 0.33)], and we analyzed the role of relevant moderating variables. Key findings indicate, for example, that the visiting time for each display element relates to the size of the exhibition and its newness, and visitor walking speed is higher in large exhibit areas. The indexes obtained in this study can be understood as references to be used for comparison with new evaluations. They may help to predict people’s behavior and appreciation of new exhibitions, identifying important problems in museum designs, and providing new research tools for this field.

Solving the Correspondence Problem within the Ternus Display: The Differential-Activation Theory

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5670 ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1790-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Odic ◽  
Jay Pratt
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Correspondence Problem ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Differential Activation ◽  
Ternus Display ◽  
Display Element ◽  
Group Motion ◽  
Activation Theory ◽  
Explanatory Mechanism

The Ternus display produces a bistable illusion of motion: at very short interstimulus intervals (ISIs; < 30 ms) observers perceive element motion while at longer ISIs (> 30 ms) observers perceive group motion. In experiment 1, however, we find that, when the Ternus display's ISI contains an occluding box, group motion is mostly eliminated. These results do not fit the predictions made by the short-range/long-range two-process theory [Braddick and Adlard, 1978, in Visual Psychophysics and Psychology (New York: Academic Press)]. We propose that the differential-activation theory (Gilroy et al, 2001 Perception & Psychophysics63 847–861) accounts for our results. We then extend the differential-activation theory as an explanatory mechanism for the Ternus display in experiment 2 by selectively placing an occluder over the first, second, or third Ternus display element. As predicted by the differential-activation theory, the occlusion of the far-left element produced a normal distribution of group motion increasing with ISI, while the occlusion of the other two elements produced an illusion of occluded elements remaining stationary throughout the display. Furthermore, as predicted by the differential-activation theory, each moving element was assigned to its nearest neighbour, producing, in the case of second and third element occlusion, a novel Ternus display motion illusion where only two out of three elements are perceived as moving.

Christiansen effect display element

1977 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1074-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.K. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Display Element

The device characteristics of the plasma display element

1971 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 642-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Johnson ◽  
D.L. Bitzer ◽  
H.G. Slottow
Keyword(s):  
Display Element ◽  
Plasma Display

A Design Procedure for Control/Display Systems

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renwick E. Curry ◽  
David L. Kleinman ◽  
William C. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Design Procedure ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Longitudinal Control ◽  
Display Element ◽  
Control Automation ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Remaining Capacity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Display Systems

This paper proposes a design procedure for control and display systems in which levels of automation vary over a significant range. The elements of the primary analysis tool (the Optimal Control Model of the Human Operator) are briefly reviewed, and the use of the model at three levels of specification (information level, display-element level, and display-format level) is discussed. Based on observation and pilot commentary, it is assumed that the pilot allocates his attention to control the aircraft to the desired level of performance, and then, with remaining capacity, to monitor displays. This facet of behavior is incorporated into the design procedure so that regardless of the level of control automation, all systems are compared at the same level of control performance. The design procedure is applied to the longitudinal control of a CH-47 helicopter. The procedure points out the need for performance-workload relations for control, which are fairly well understood, and performance-workload relations for monitoring, about which little is known.

scholarly journals Optimal Display Method Considering the Display Element and Color of Fire Shutter Door

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Jong-Yeong Son ◽  
◽  
Won-Hwa Hong ◽  
Young-Hoon Bae ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Display Element

scholarly journals Eliminating the Low Prevalence Effect in Visual Search with a Remarkably Simple Strategy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric T. Taylor ◽  
Matthew D. Hilchey ◽  
Blaire J. Weidler ◽  
Jay Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Similarity Search ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Cognitive Strategy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Simple Strategy ◽  
Display Element ◽  
Low Prevalence

The low prevalence effect in visual search occurs when rare targets are missed at a disproportionately high rate. This effect has enormous significance in health and public safety and has proven resistant to intervention. In three experiments (Ns = 41, 40, 44), we document a dramatic reduction of the effect using a simple cognitive strategy requiring no training. Instead of asking participants to search for the presence or absence of a target, as is typically done in visual search tasks, we asked participants to engage in “similarity search” – to identify the display element most similar to a target on every trial, regardless of whether a target is present. Under normal search instructions, we observed strong low prevalence effects. Using similarity search, we failed to detect the low prevalence effect under identical visual conditions across three experiments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document