The better suppression of pepper Phytophthora blight by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus than Purpureocillium lilacinum alone or combined with AM fungus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 792-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junli Hu ◽  
Shaowei Hou ◽  
Minghui Li ◽  
Junhua Wang ◽  
Fuyong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Phytophthora Blight ◽  
Purpureocillium Lilacinum ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Pepper Phytophthora Blight

scholarly journals Anti-fungal activity of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) leaf extract and its development into a botanical fungicide to control pepper phytophthora blight

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Liao ◽  
Xuexiang Ren ◽  
Quan Gao ◽  
Niuniu Liu ◽  
Feng Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Moso Bamboo ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
Phytophthora Blight ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Fungal Activity ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Pepper Phytophthora Blight

AbstractMoso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens, Gramineae) is a well-known medicinal and edible plant found in China with various bioactivities, but few systematic studies address the utilization of its anti-fungal activity. The extract of moso bamboo leaf showed good anti-fungal activity to Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium graminearum, Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Venturia nashicola, and Botrytis cinerea Pers, with inhibitory rate of 100.00%, 75.12%, 60.66%, 57.24%, 44.62%, and 30.16%, respectively. Anti-fungal activity was different by the difference of samples picking time and location. The extract showed good synergistic effects with carbendazim at the ratios of 9:1 and 15:1 (extract : carbendazim), and the co-toxicity coefficients were 124.4 and 139.95. Compound 2 was isolated and identified as the main active component, with the EC50 value of 11.02 mg L−1. Then, the extract was formulated as a 10% emulsion in water, which was stable and had no acute toxic effects. Moreover, a field trial about this formulation was assayed to control pepper phytophthora blight, with the control effect of 85.60%. These data provided a better understanding of the anti-fungal activity and relevant active component of moso bamboo leaf extract. Taken together, our findings illustrated that bamboo leaf extract could be developed and utilized as a botanical fungicide or fungicide adjuvant.

scholarly journals Target of rapamycin, PvTOR, is a key regulator of arbuscule development during mycorrhizal symbiosis in Phaseolus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj-Kumar Arthikala ◽  
Kalpana Nanjareddy ◽  
Lourdes Blanco ◽  
Xóchitl Alvarado-Affantranger ◽  
Miguel Lara
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Fungal Symbiosis ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Am Symbiosis

AbstractTarget of rapamycin (TOR) is a conserved central growth regulator in eukaryotes that has a key role in maintaining cellular nutrient and energy status. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are mutualistic symbionts that assist the plant in increasing nutrient absorption from the rhizosphere. However, the role of legume TOR in AM fungal symbiosis development has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the function of legume TOR in the development and formation of AM fungal symbiosis. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of TOR transcripts in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) hairy roots notably suppressed AM fungus-induced lateral root formation by altering the expression of root meristem regulatory genes, i.e., UPB1, RGFs, and sulfur assimilation and S-phase genes. Mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots had significantly more extraradical hyphae and hyphopodia than the control (empty vector) roots. Strong promoter activity of PvTOR was observed at the site of hyphal penetration and colonization. Colonization along the root length was affected in mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots and the arbuscules were stunted. Furthermore, the expression of genes induced by AM symbiosis such as SWEET1, VPY, VAMP713, and STR was repressed under mycorrhized conditions in PvTOR-knockdown roots. Based on these observations, we conclude that PvTOR is a key player in regulating arbuscule development during AM symbiosis in P. vulgaris. These results provide insight into legume TOR as a potential regulatory factor influencing the symbiotic associations of P. vulgaris and other legumes.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Limits Foliar Transcriptional Responses to Viral Infection and Favors Long-Term Virus Accumulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1562-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Miozzi ◽  
Marco Catoni ◽  
Valentina Fiorilli ◽  
Philip M. Mullineaux ◽  
Gian Paolo Accotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
The Impact

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) can establish symbiotic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and can be infected by several pathogenic viruses. Here, we investigated the impact of mycorrhization by the fungus Glomus mosseae on the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection of tomato plants by transcriptomic and hormones level analyses. In TSWV-infected mycorrhizal plants, the AM fungus root colonization limited virus-induced changes in gene expression in the aerial parts. The virus-responsive upregulated genes, no longer induced in infected mycorrhizal plants, were mainly involved in defense responses and hormone signaling, while the virus-responsive downregulated genes, no longer repressed in mycorrhizal plants, were involved in primary metabolism. The presence of the AM fungus limits, in a salicylic acid-independent manner, the accumulation of abscissic acid observed in response to viral infection. At the time of the molecular analysis, no differences in virus concentration or symptom severity were detected between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. However, in a longer period, increase in virus titer and delay in the appearance of recovery were observed in mycorrhizal plants, thus indicating that the plant's reaction to TSWV infection is attenuated by mycorrhization.

scholarly journals Lipo-chitooligosaccharide Signaling in Endosymbiotic Plant-Microbe Interactions

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 867-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Gough ◽  
Julie Cullimore
Keyword(s):  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Am Symbiosis

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and the rhizobia-legume (RL) root endosymbioses are established as a result of signal exchange in which there is mutual recognition of diffusible signals produced by plant and microbial partners. It was discovered 20 years ago that the key symbiotic signals produced by rhizobial bacteria are lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCO), called Nod factors. These LCO are perceived via lysin-motif (LysM) receptors and activate a signaling pathway called the common symbiotic pathway (CSP), which controls both the RL and the AM symbioses. Recent work has established that an AM fungus, Glomus intraradices, also produces LCO that activate the CSP, leading to induction of gene expression and root branching in Medicago truncatula. These Myc-LCO also stimulate mycorrhization in diverse plants. In addition, work on the nonlegume Parasponia andersonii has shown that a LysM receptor is required for both successful mycorrhization and nodulation. Together these studies show that structurally related signals and the LysM receptor family are key components of both nodulation and mycorrhization. LysM receptors are also involved in the perception of chitooligosaccharides (CO), which are derived from fungal cell walls and elicit defense responses and resistance to pathogens in diverse plants. The discovery of Myc-LCO and a LysM receptor required for the AM symbiosis, therefore, not only raises questions of how legume plants discriminate fungal and bacterial endosymbionts but also, more generally, of how plants discriminate endosymbionts from pathogenic microorganisms using structurally related LCO and CO signals and of how these perception mechanisms have evolved.

scholarly journals Stable C and N isotope natural abundances of intraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhiza ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-780
Author(s):  
Saskia Klink ◽  
Philipp Giesemann ◽  
Timo Hubmann ◽  
Johanna Pausch
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Lipid Source ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
C And N

Abstract Data for stable C and N isotope natural abundances of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are currently sparse, as fungal material is difficult to access for analysis. So far, isotope analyses have been limited to lipid compounds associated with fungal membranes or storage structures (biomarkers), fungal spores and soil hyphae. However, it remains unclear whether any of these components are an ideal substitute for intraradical AM hyphae as the functional nutrient trading organ. Thus, we isolated intraradical hyphae of the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis from roots of the grass Festuca ovina and the legume Medicago sativa via an enzymatic and a mechanical approach. In addition, extraradical hyphae were isolated from a sand-soil mix associated with each plant. All three approaches revealed comparable isotope signatures of R. irregularis hyphae. The hyphae were 13C- and 15N-enriched relative to leaves and roots irrespective of the plant partner, while they were enriched only in 15N compared with soil. The 13C enrichment of AM hyphae implies a plant carbohydrate source, whereby the enrichment was likely reduced by an additional plant lipid source. The 15N enrichment indicates the potential of AM fungi to gain nitrogen from an organic source. Our isotope signatures of the investigated AM fungus support recent findings for mycoheterotrophic plants which are suggested to mirror the associated AM fungi isotope composition. Stable isotope natural abundances of intraradical AM hyphae as the functional trading organ for bi-directional carbon-for-mineral nutrient exchanges complement data on spores and membrane biomarkers.

scholarly journals Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Cocolonizing on a Single Plant Root System Recruit Distinct Microbiomes

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. e00929-20
Author(s):  
Jiachao Zhou ◽  
Xiaofen Chai ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Timothy S. George ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Root System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTPlant roots are usually colonized by various arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species, which vary in morphological, physiological, and genetic traits. This colonization constitutes the mycorrhizal nutrient uptake pathway (MP) and supplements the pathway through roots. Simultaneously, the extraradical hyphae of each AM fungus is associated with a community of bacteria. However, whether the community structure and function of the microbiome on the extraradical hyphae differ between AM fungal species remains unknown. In order to understand the community structure and the predicted functions of the microbiome associated with different AM fungal species, a split-root compartmented rhizobox cultivation system, which allowed us to inoculate two AM fungal species separately in two root compartments, was used. We inoculated two separate AM fungal species combinations, (i) Funneliformis mosseae and Gigaspora margarita and (ii) Rhizophagus intraradices and G. margarita, on a single root system of cotton. The hyphal exudate-fed, active microbiome was measured by combining 13C-DNA stable isotope probing with MiSeq sequencing. We found that different AM fungal species, which were simultaneously colonizing a single root system, hosted active microbiomes that were distinct from one another. Moreover, the predicted potential functions of the different microbiomes were distinct. We conclude that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal component of the system is responsible for the recruitment of distinct microbiomes in the hyphosphere. The potential significance of the predicted functions of the microbial ecosystem services is discussed.IMPORTANCE Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form tight symbiotic relationships with the majority of terrestrial plants and play critical roles in plant P acquisition, adding a further dimension of complexity. The plant-AM fungus-bacterium system is considered a continuum, with the bacteria colonizing not only the plant roots, but also the associated mycorrhizal hyphal network, known as the hyphosphere microbiome. Plant roots are usually colonized by different AM fungal species which form an independent phosphorus uptake pathway from the root pathway, i.e., the mycorrhizal pathway. The community structure and function of the hyphosphere microbiome of different AM species are completely unknown. In this novel study, we found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cocolonizing on single plant roots recruit their own specific microbiomes, which should be considered in evaluating plant microbiome form and function. Our findings demonstrate the importance of understanding trophic interactions in order to gain insight into the plant-AM fungus-bacterium symbiosis.

Targeted selection of Trichoderma antagonists for control of pepper Phytophthora blight in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanpo Yao ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Zhenlin Huang ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Changpo Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Blight ◽  
Pepper Phytophthora Blight ◽  
Selection Of

Co-inoculation of lucerne (Medicago sativa) with an AM fungus and a rhizobium reduces occurrence of spring black stem and leaf spot caused by Phoma medicaginis

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Gao ◽  
Yingde Li ◽  
Yane Guo ◽  
Tingyu Duan
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sinorhizobium Medicae ◽  
Phoma Medicaginis ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Serious Disease

Spring black stem and leaf spot of lucerne (alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.), caused by Phoma medicaginis, is an important disease in temperate regions of the world. It is now a serious disease threatening global lucerne production. This experiment was designed to test the combined effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Funneliformis mosseae and the rhizobium Sinorhizobium medicae on growth, nutrient uptake and disease severity in lucerne. The results showed that F. mosseae increased plant phosphorus and nitrogen uptake and plant dry weight, and this beneficial effect was enhanced when in association with S. medicae. Rhizobial and AM fungal effects were mutually promoting; inoculation with AM fungus significantly increased the formation of root nodules, and inoculation with rhizobium increased the percentage of root length colonised by AM fungus (P < 0.05). After infection with P. medicaginis, typical leaf spot symptoms with the lowest disease incidence and disease index occurred on plants that were host to both F. mosseae and S. medicae. Plants with both symbiotic microorganisms had higher activities (concentrations) of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, lignin, hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein and jasmonic acid. Therefore, the tested AM fungus (F. mosseae) and rhizobium (S. medicae) have the potential to reduce damage and yield loss in lucerne from spring black stem and leaf spot caused by P. medicaginis.

scholarly journals Effect of the AM Fungus Sieverdingia tortuosa on Common Vetch Responses to an Anthracnose Pathogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Ding ◽  
Weizhen Zhang ◽  
Yingde Li ◽  
Tingyu Duan
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Insight Into

Colletotrichum lentis Damm causes anthracnose in Vicia sativa L, otherwise known as common vetch. It was first reported in China in 2019. This study evaluates the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Sieverdingia tortuosa (N.C. Schenck &amp; G.S. Sm.) Błaszk., Niezgoda, &amp; B.T. Goto on growth and disease severity in common vetch. Our main finding is that the AM fungus increased root biomass and reduced anthracnose severity of common vetch. Responses correlated with defense, such as chitinase activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, the concentrations of jasmonic acid and proline, and the expression of resistance-related genes (e.g., upregulated “signal transduction,” “MAPK signaling pathway,” “chitinase activity,” “response to stress,” and the KEGG pathways “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,” “MAPK signaling pathways,” and “plant-pathogen interactions”), were also affected These findings provide insight into the mechanism by which this AM fungus regulates the defense response of common vetch to C. lentis.

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