Linking Freshwater Flows and Ecosystem Services Appropriated by People: The Case of the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin

Ecosystems ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Drainage Basin ◽  
The Baltic

scholarly journals Correction of Daily Rain Gauge Measurements in the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Rubel ◽  
Michael Hantel
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Dynamic Correction ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Synoptic Observations ◽  
Baltic Sea Drainage Basin ◽  
The Baltic

Within the framework of BALTEX regular measurements made at about 4,200 rain gauge sites have been collected by the BALTEX Meteorological Data Centre. This network of rain gauges is about 10 times denser than the synoptic network; here it is used for the objective analysis of daily precipitation fields on the grids of the mesoscale models developed in the research project NEWBALTIC during the pilot period PIDCAP (August to October 1995). The observations were corrected for systematic measuring errors with the Dynamic Correction Model. Its main purpose is to correct for the wind-induced losses which is the largest error. The correction formulae use the synoptic observations of wind speed, temperature and rain intensity at the rain gauge station considered. For non-synoptic stations the values of the closest synoptic station are used as estimates; the mean distance of the synoptic stations within the drainage basin is 30 km. For evaporation and wetting losses, which represent the second largest error of the precipitation measurements, climatological corrections are applied. The formulae in the Dynamic Correction Model take instrument-specific properties into account; these comprise HELLMANN UNSHIELDED, SMHI SHIELDED, H&H-90 SHIELDED and TRETJAKOV SHIELDED. The spatial distribution of corrected precipitation values were objectively analysed according to Rubel (1998). They yield daily gridded precipitation fields over the drainage basin which are systematically higher than the uncorrected fields. The corresponding increase of the freshwater input into the Baltic Sea drainage basin is 4.7% in August, 5.8% in September and 9.1% in October 1995. Finally, the perspective for further developments and the generation of a ten-year data base of the BALTEX main intensive observational and modelling period BRIDGE is introduced.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations in Suspended Sediment Yield in the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin

1993 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lajczak ◽  
Margareta B. Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Suspended Sediment Yield ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Baltic Sea Drainage Basin ◽  
The Baltic

The aim of this article is to describe the seasonal fluctuations of suspended sediment yield in the Baltic Sea drainage basin and to quantify the monthly inflow of suspended sediment to the Baltic. The seasonal fluctuations of sediment yield are controlled by rain and snow amounts and by ground thawing. The rhythm of the sediment yield shows great differences between mountainous and lowlandic areas, and also between areas with oceanic and continental climates. The seasonal fluctuations of the total suspended sediment inflow to the different sub-areas of the Baltic Sea imitate the seasonal regimes of the sediment yield within the different catchments. Most of the suspended load is supplied to the sea during snow melting. For the Baltic as a whole, the inflow reaches a maximum value in April (22.2% of the annual inflow) and a minimum value in January (3.7% of the annual inflow).

Identifying Hot Spots of Agricultural Nitrogen Loss Within the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin

2016 ◽  
Vol 227 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Estrup Andersen ◽  
Gitte Blicher-Mathiesen ◽  
Hans Thodsen ◽  
Peter Mejlhede Andersen ◽  
Søren E. Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Drainage Basin ◽  
The Baltic

Suspended Sediment Yield in the Baltic Drainage Basin

1993 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lajczak ◽  
Margareta B. Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Suspended Sediment Yield ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Baltic Sea Drainage Basin ◽  
The Baltic

The aim of this paper is to quantify the spatial distribution of suspended sediment yield in the Baltic Sea drainage basin, and to quantify the suspended sediment inflow to the Baltic. The sediment yield in the studied area varies in accordance with the potential erosion conditions in the morphological sub-units and reaches values from below 2 to almost 1,000 t/km2/yr. Topographical, pedological and climatic conditions are decisive for the sediment yield variations. The suspended sediment yield increases generally from north to south, and reaches maximum values in the lower parts of the Carpathians. In contrast, the Scandinavian mountains are characterized by low suspended sediment yield. The suspended sediment load derived from the source areas decreases during its transport to the Baltic as a result of sedimentation processes. In the largest rivers of the area no more than 20 to 30% of the sediment amount flowing from tributaries to the main rivers ends up in the Baltic Sea. The total mass of suspended material flowing to the Baltic Sea is 4,455,000 t/yr, 37% of which is carried into the Baltic proper. 20% of the total supply to the Baltic Sea comes from the Vistula river.

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