Efficient Liability Rules: Complete Characterization

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish K. Jain ◽  
Ram Singh
Keyword(s):  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Liability Rules ◽  
Efficient Liability Rules

Decomposition of Accident Loss and Efficiency of Liability Rules

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish K. Jain ◽  
Rajendra P. Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liability Rule ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Liability Rules ◽  
The Social ◽  
Normative Criteria ◽  
The One

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to show that the set of efficient rules which apportion liability between the victim and the tortfeasor is much larger than is generally believed to be the case. A larger set of efficient rules in general would have the implication of a less sharp conflict between economic efficiency on the one hand and non-efficiency normative criteria on the other. The condition of negligence liability which characterizes efficiency in the context of liability rules has an all-or-none character. Negligence liability requires that if one party is negligent and the other is not then the liability for the entire accident loss must fall on the negligent party. Thus within the framework of standard liability rules efficiency requirements preclude any non-efficiency considerations in situations where one party is negligent and the other is not. In this paper it is shown that accident loss can be decomposed into two parts such that while the apportionment of one part between the parties has bearing on efficiency, the apportionment of the other part has no efficiency implications. The part of accident loss which plays no role in providing appropriate incentives to the parties for taking due care can therefore be apportioned on non-efficiency considerations without in any way compromising the social goal of efficiency. For a systematic analysis of the requirements for efficiency, in this paper a notion more general than that of a liability rule, namely that of a decomposed liability rule, is introduced. A complete characterization of efficient decomposed liability rules is provided in the paper. The most important implication of the theorems of this paper is that by decomposing accident loss into two parts, the scope for non-efficiency considerations can be significantly broadened without sacrificing economic efficiency.

Diffraction contrast of dislocations in icosahedral quasicrystals

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
K. Urban ◽  
Z. Zhang ◽  
M. Wollgarten ◽  
D. Gratias
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Extinction Condition ◽  
Burgers Vector ◽  
Diffraction Contrast ◽  
Lattice Geometry ◽  
Reference Space ◽  
Icosahedral Quasicrystals ◽  
The One

Recently dislocations have been observed by electron microscopy in the icosahedral quasicrystalline (IQ) phase of Al65Cu20Fe15. These dislocations exhibit diffraction contrast similar to that known for dislocations in conventional crystals. The contrast becomes extinct for certain diffraction vectors g. In the following the basis of electron diffraction contrast of dislocations in the IQ phase is described. Taking account of the six-dimensional nature of the Burgers vector a “strong” and a “weak” extinction condition are found.Dislocations in quasicrystals canot be described on the basis of simple shear or insertion of a lattice plane only. In order to achieve a complete characterization of these dislocations it is advantageous to make use of the one to one correspondence of the lattice geometry in our three-dimensional space (R3) and that in the six-dimensional reference space (R6) where full periodicity is recovered . Therefore the contrast extinction condition has to be written as gpbp + gobo = 0 (1). The diffraction vector g and the Burgers vector b decompose into two vectors gp, bp and go, bo in, respectively, the physical and the orthogonal three-dimensional sub-spaces of R6.

Experimental Characterization of Mechanical Behavior of Cord-Rubber Composites

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kumar ◽  
C. W. Bert
Keyword(s):  
Response Characteristic ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Data

Abstract Unidirectional cord-rubber specimens in the form of tensile coupons and sandwich beams were used. Using specimens with the cords oriented at 0°, 45°, and 90° to the loading direction and appropriate data reduction, we were able to obtain complete characterization for the in-plane stress-strain response of single-ply, unidirectional cord-rubber composites. All strains were measured by means of liquid mercury strain gages, for which the nonlinear strain response characteristic was obtained by calibration. Stress-strain data were obtained for the cases of both cord tension and cord compression. Materials investigated were aramid-rubber, polyester-rubber, and steel-rubber.

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