Treatment of frozen soil and snow cover in the land surface model SEWAB

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Warrach ◽  
H.-T. Mengelkamp ◽  
E. Raschke
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Surface Model

scholarly journals Development of a land surface model with coupled snow and frozen soil physics

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 5085-5103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Jia Qi ◽  
Litao Sun ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Soil Physics

scholarly journals Introducing Hysteresis in Snow Depletion Curves to Improve the Water Budget of a Land Surface Model in an Alpine Catchment

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Magand ◽  
Agnès Ducharne ◽  
Nicolas Le Moine ◽  
Simon Gascoin
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Depletion Curve ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Snow Model

Abstract The Durance watershed (14 000 km2), located in the French Alps, generates 10% of French hydropower and provides drinking water to 3 million people. The Catchment land surface model (CLSM), a distributed land surface model (LSM) with a multilayer, physically based snow model, has been applied in the upstream part of this watershed, where snowfall accounts for 50% of the precipitation. The CLSM subdivides the upper Durance watershed, where elevations range from 800 to 4000 m within 3580 km2, into elementary catchments with an average area of 500 km2. The authors first show the difference between the dynamics of the accumulation and ablation of the snow cover using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images and snow-depth measurements. The extent of snow cover increases faster during accumulation than during ablation because melting occurs at preferential locations. This difference corresponds to the presence of a hysteresis in the snow-cover depletion curve of these catchments, and the CLSM was adapted by implementing such a hysteresis in the snow-cover depletion curve of the model. Different simulations were performed to assess the influence of the parameterizations on the water budget and the evolution of the extent of the snow cover. Using six gauging stations, the authors demonstrate that introducing a hysteresis in the snow-cover depletion curve improves melting dynamics. They conclude that their adaptation of the CLSM contributes to a better representation of snowpack dynamics in an LSM that enables mountainous catchments to be modeled for impact studies such as those of climate change.

scholarly journals Assimilation of MODIS Snow Cover Fraction Observations into the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ally M. Toure ◽  
Rolf H. Reichle ◽  
Barton A. Forman ◽  
Augusto Getirana ◽  
Gabrielle J. M. De Lannoy
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Snow Cover Fraction

scholarly journals Forward-Looking Assimilation of MODIS-Derived Snow-Covered Area into a Land Surface Model

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Zaitchik ◽  
Matthew Rodell
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Snow Covered Area ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Snow Water

Abstract Snow cover over land has a significant impact on the surface radiation budget, turbulent energy fluxes to the atmosphere, and local hydrological fluxes. For this reason, inaccuracies in the representation of snow-covered area (SCA) within a land surface model (LSM) can lead to substantial errors in both offline and coupled simulations. Data assimilation algorithms have the potential to address this problem. However, the assimilation of SCA observations is complicated by an information deficit in the observation—SCA indicates only the presence or absence of snow, not snow water equivalent—and by the fact that assimilated SCA observations can introduce inconsistencies with atmospheric forcing data, leading to nonphysical artifacts in the local water balance. In this paper, a novel assimilation algorithm is presented that introduces Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) SCA observations to the Noah LSM in global, uncoupled simulations. The algorithm uses observations from up to 72 h ahead of the model simulation to correct against emerging errors in the simulation of snow cover while preserving the local hydrologic balance. This is accomplished by using future snow observations to adjust air temperature and, when necessary, precipitation within the LSM. In global, offline integrations, this new assimilation algorithm provided improved simulation of SCA and snow water equivalent relative to open loop integrations and integrations that used an earlier SCA assimilation algorithm. These improvements, in turn, influenced the simulation of surface water and energy fluxes during the snow season and, in some regions, on into the following spring.

scholarly journals Snow cover sensitivity to horizontal resolution, parameterizations, and atmospheric forcing in a land surface model

2011 ◽  
Vol 116 (D21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Dutra ◽  
Sven Kotlarski ◽  
Pedro Viterbo ◽  
Gianpaolo Balsamo ◽  
Pedro M. A. Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Atmospheric Forcing

scholarly journals Impact of Surface Albedo Assimilation on Snow Estimation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujay Kumar ◽  
David Mocko ◽  
Carrie Vuyovich ◽  
Christa Peters-Lidard
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Fractional Snow Cover ◽  
The Impact

Surface albedo has a significant impact in determining the amount of available net radiation at the surface and the evolution of surface water and energy budget components. The snow accumulation and timing of melt, in particular, are directly impacted by the changes in land surface albedo. This study presents an evaluation of the impact of assimilating Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based surface albedo estimates in the Noah multi-parameterization (Noah-MP) land surface model, over the continental US during the time period from 2000 to 2017. The evaluation of simulated snow depth and snow cover fields show that significant improvements from data assimilation (DA) are obtained over the High Plains and parts of the Rocky Mountains. Earlier snowmelt and reduced agreements with reference snow depth measurements, primarily over the Northeast US, are also observed due to albedo DA. Most improvements from assimilation are observed over locations with moderate vegetation and lower elevation. The aggregate impact on evapotranspiration and runoff from assimilation is found to be marginal. This study also evaluates the relative and joint utility of assimilating fractional snow cover and surface albedo measurements. Relative to surface albedo assimilation, fractional snow cover assimilation is found to provide smaller improvements in the simulated snow depth fields. The configuration that jointly assimilates surface albedo and fractional snow cover measurements is found to provide the most beneficial improvements compared to the univariate DA configurations for surface albedo or fractional snow cover. Overall, the study also points to the need for improving the albedo formulations in land surface models and the incorporation of observational uncertainties within albedo DA configurations.

scholarly journals Simulation of Northern Eurasian Local Snow Depth, Mass, and Density Using a Detailed Snowpack Model and Meteorological Reanalyses

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Brun ◽  
Vincent Vionnet ◽  
Aaron Boone ◽  
Bertrand Decharme ◽  
Yannick Peings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Snow Water

Abstract The Crocus snowpack model within the Interactions between Soil–Biosphere–Atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model was run over northern Eurasia from 1979 to 1993, using forcing data extracted from hydrometeorological datasets and meteorological reanalyses. Simulated snow depth, snow water equivalent, and density over open fields were compared with local observations from over 1000 monitoring sites, available either once a day or three times per month. The best performance is obtained with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim). Provided blowing snow sublimation is taken into account, the simulations show a small bias and high correlations in terms of snow depth, snow water equivalent, and density. Local snow cover durations as well as the onset and vanishing dates of continuous snow cover are also well reproduced. A major result is that the overall performance of the simulations is very similar to the performance of existing gridded snow products, which, in contrast, assimilate local snow depth observations. Soil temperature at 20-cm depth is reasonably well simulated. The methodology developed in this study is an efficient way to evaluate different meteorological datasets, especially in terms of snow precipitation. It reveals that the temporal disaggregation of monthly precipitation in the hydrometeorological dataset from Princeton University significantly impacts the rain–snow partitioning, deteriorating the simulation of the onset of snow cover as well as snow depth throughout the cold season.

scholarly journals A Tiling Approach to Represent Subgrid Snow Variability in Coupled Land Surface–Atmosphere Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjetil Schanke Aas ◽  
Kjersti Gisnås ◽  
Sebastian Westermann ◽  
Terje Koren Berntsen
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Cold Bias ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Subgrid Scales ◽  
Moisture Fluxes

Abstract A mosaic approach to represent subgrid snow variation in a coupled atmosphere–land surface model (WRF–Noah) is introduced and tested. Solid precipitation is scaled in 10 subgrid tiles based on precalculated snow distributions, giving a consistent, explicit representation of variable snow cover and snow depth on subgrid scales. The method is tested in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model for southern Norway at 3-km grid spacing, using the subgrid tiling for areas above the tree line. At a validation site in Finse, the modeled transition time from full snow cover to snow-free ground is increased from a few days with the default snow cover fraction formulation to more than 2 months with the tiling approach, which agrees with in situ observations from both digital camera images and surface temperature loggers. This in turn reduces a cold bias at this site by more than 2°C during the first half of July, with the noontime bias reduced from −5° to −1°C. The improved representation of subgrid snow variation also reduces a cold bias found in the reference simulation on regional scales by up to 0.8°C and increases surface energy fluxes (in particular the latent heat flux), and it resulted in up to 50% increase in monthly (June) precipitation in some of the most affected areas. By simulating individual soil properties for each tile, this approach also accounts for a number of secondary effects of uneven snow distribution resulting in different energy and moisture fluxes in different tiles also after the snow has disappeared.

scholarly journals Representing Variability in Subgrid Snow Cover and Snow Depth in a Global Land Model: Offline Validation

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 3318-3330 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nitta ◽  
K. Yoshimura ◽  
K. Takata ◽  
R. O’ishi ◽  
T. Sueyoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Snow Cover Fraction ◽  
Snow Covered Area ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Global Land

Abstract Subgrid snow cover is one of the key parameters in global land models since snow cover has large impacts on the surface energy and moisture budgets, and hence the surface temperature. In this study, the Subgrid Snow Distribution (SSNOWD) snow cover parameterization was incorporated into the Minimal Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and Runoff (MATSIRO) land surface model. SSNOWD assumes that the subgrid snow water equivalent (SWE) distribution follows a lognormal distribution function, and its parameters are physically derived from geoclimatic information. Two 29-yr global offline simulations, with and without SSNOWD, were performed while forced with the Japanese 25-yr Reanalysis (JRA-25) dataset combined with an observed precipitation dataset. The simulated spatial patterns of mean monthly snow cover fraction were compared with satellite-based Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations. The snow cover fraction was improved by the inclusion of SSNOWD, particularly for the accumulation season and/or regions with relatively small amounts of snowfall; snow cover fraction was typically underestimated in the simulation without SSNOWD. In the Northern Hemisphere, the daily snow-covered area was validated using Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) snow analysis datasets. In the simulation with SSNOWD, snow-covered area largely agreed with the IMS snow analysis and the seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere was improved. This was because SSNOWD formulates the snow cover fraction differently for the accumulation season and ablation season, and represents the hysteresis of the snow cover fraction between different seasons. The effects of including SSNOWD on hydrological properties and snow mass were also examined.

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