Interactions between a mycophagous Collembola, dry yeast and the external mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

Mycorrhiza ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Larsen ◽  
Iver Jakobsen
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
External Mycelium

Microtubules of the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in symbiosis with tomato roots

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Timonen ◽  
F A Smith ◽  
S E Smith
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Tomato Roots ◽  
External Mycelium ◽  
First Time

In this study the presence and orientation of fungal microtubules were recorded in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis for the first time. Visualization of the fungal microtubules was achieved by using a protocol specifically labelling only fungal tubulins. Microtubules of external mycelium, intraradical hyphae, arbuscules, and vesicles of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith were examined when in symbiosis with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Microtubules were organized as bundles in both external and intraradical hyphae. The bundles of microtubules extended directly from intraradical hyphae into the arbuscules, where the microtubules remained as bundles in the larger hyphae. In the fine fungal branches of the arbuscules, microtubules were seen as thinner filaments. Fungal microtubules were seen to connect the intraradical hyphae and arbuscules. In addition, microtubules of adjacent arbuscules could continue directly from one arbuscule to another. Microtubules reached to the basal cone of each vesicle, but the live vesicles, containing many nuclei, seemed devoid of any microtubular labelling.Key words: cytoskeleton, endomycorrhiza, filamentous fungi, tomato, tubulin, Zygomycota.

scholarly journals The methylome of the model arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, shares characteristics with early diverging fungi and Dikarya

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anurag Chaturvedi ◽  
Joaquim Cruz Corella ◽  
Chanz Robbins ◽  
Anita Loha ◽  
Laure Menin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Rhizophagus Irregularis ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Phosphate Regulation ◽  
Very High

AbstractEarly-diverging fungi (EDF) are distinct from Dikarya and other eukaryotes, exhibiting high N6-methyldeoxyadenine (6mA) contents, rather than 5-methylcytosine (5mC). As plants transitioned to land the EDF sub-phylum, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; Glomeromycotina) evolved a symbiotic lifestyle with 80% of plant species worldwide. Here we show that these fungi exhibit 5mC and 6mA methylation characteristics that jointly set them apart from other fungi. The model AMF, R. irregularis, evolved very high levels of 5mC and greatly reduced levels of 6mA. However, unlike the Dikarya, 6mA in AMF occurs at symmetrical ApT motifs in genes and is associated with their transcription. 6mA is heterogeneously distributed among nuclei in these coenocytic fungi suggesting functional differences among nuclei. While far fewer genes are regulated by 6mA in the AMF genome than in EDF, most strikingly, 6mA methylation has been specifically retained in genes implicated in components of phosphate regulation; the quintessential hallmark defining this globally important symbiosis.

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