The role of ethylene and darkness in accelerated shoot elongation of Ammophila breviligulata upon sand burial

Oecologia ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. C. J. Voesenek ◽  
W. H. van der Putten ◽  
M. A. Maun ◽  
C. W. P. M. Blom
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Sand Burial ◽  
Ammophila Breviligulata

Role of putrescine in enhancing shoot elongation in Scirpus mucronatus under submergence

1996 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-424
Author(s):  
Tse-Min Lee ◽  
Yuh-Jang Shieh ◽  
Chang-Hung Chou
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation

scholarly journals Strigolactone-Based Node-to-Bud Signaling May Restrain Shoot Branching in Hybrid Aspen

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2797-2811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niveditha Umesh Katyayini ◽  
P�ivi L H Rinne ◽  
Christiaan van der Schoot
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Hybrid Aspen ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Node Isolation

Abstract The biosynthesis and roles of strigolactones (SLs) have been investigated in herbaceous plants, but so far, their role in trees has received little attention. In this study, we analyzed the presence, spatial/temporal expression and role of SL pathway genes in Populus tremula � Populus tremuloides. In this proleptic species, axillary buds (AXBs) become para-dormant at the bud maturation point, providing an unambiguous starting point to study AXB activation. We identified previously undescribed Populus homologs of DWARF27 (D27), LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE (LBO) and DWARF53-like (D53-like) and analyzed the relative expression of all SL pathway genes in root tips and shoot tissues. We found that, although AXBs expressed MORE AXILLARY GROWTH1 (MAX1) and LBO, they did not express MAX3 and MAX4, whereas nodal bark expressed high levels of all SL biosynthesis genes. By contrast, expression of the SL perception and signaling genes MAX2, D14 and D53 was high in AXBs relative to nodal bark and roots. This suggests that AXBs are reliant on the associated nodes for the import of SLs and SL precursors. Activation of AXBs was initiated by decapitation and single-node isolation. This rapidly downregulated SL pathway genes downstream of MAX4, although later these genes were upregulated coincidently with primordia formation. GR24-feeding counteracted all activation-related changes in SL gene expression but did not prevent AXB outgrowth showing that SL is ineffective once AXBs are activated. The results indicate that nodes rather than roots supply SLs and its precursors to AXBs, and that SLs may restrain embryonic shoot elongation during AXB formation and para-dormancy in intact plants.

scholarly journals The Role of Ethylene in Shoot Elongation with Respect to Survival and Seed Output of Flooded Rumex maritimus L. Plants

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. M. Van Der Sman ◽  
L. A. C. J. Voesenek ◽  
C. W. P. M. Blom ◽  
F. J. M. Harren ◽  
J. Reuss
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Seed Output ◽  
Rumex Maritimus

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of the Mechanical Role of Leaf Sheaths of Poaceae, Juncaceae, and Cyperaceae

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Kempe ◽  
Martin Sommer ◽  
Christoph Neinhuis
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flexural Rigidity ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bromus Erectus

Similarities in structural organization of the culm in Poaceae, Juncaceae, and Cyperaceae such as leaf sheaths and the presence of intercalary meristems at every node suggest the same mechanical properties and, accordingly, the same functionality. Meristems are zones of tissue formation, which constitute areas of weakness along the entire culm and provide the basis for rapid shoot elongation. Leaf sheaths clasp the culm preventing the shoot from breaking, ensuring the rigidity to grow erectly and to avoid damage of the meristematic tissue. The mechanical influence of leaf sheaths was investigated in members of Poaceae, Juncaceae, and Cyperaceae in the flowering stage. Mechanical properties of Poa araratica, Bromus erectus, Arrhenatherum elatius (Poaceae), Luzula nivea (Juncaceae), and Carex arctata (Cyperaceae) were determined in three-point bending before and after the removal of leaf sheaths. The presence of leaf sheaths results in smoothing the distribution of flexural rigidity and therefore avoids stress peaks. The achieved maxima of relative contribution of leaf sheaths to entire flexural rigidity ranged from 55% up to 81% for Poaceae, 72% for C. arctata, and 40% for L. nivea. Across the investigated families, the mechanical role of leaf sheaths could be verified as essential for culm stability during development and beyond.

Root growth and root growth capacity of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Johnson-Flanagan ◽  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Capacity ◽  
Root Growth Capacity ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Root growth in the root systems of Styroplug-grown white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings increases in the spring before shoot elongation and again in the fall after bud development is complete. This is followed by root dormancy and quiescence, which are distinguished on the basis of ability to elongate under root growth capacity (RGC) conditions. The number of white long lateral roots produced during RGC tests correlated significantly with the number of white long lateral roots under lathhouse conditions. Increased mitotic activity is required for root elongation. However, mitotic frequencies could not be used to assess RGC because of the confounding effects of independent growth cycles in individual roots. Cell expansion and transformation of insoluble carbohydrates are important controls of root elongation. The relationship between root and shoot growth under RGC conditions may not support the role of shoot elongation in decreasing root elongation. Conversely, this may indicate that RGC tests alter the endogenous controls of root and shoot growth.

XYLEM DYSFUNCTION IN FICUS CARICA INFECTED WITH WILT FUNGUS CERATOCYSTIS FICICOLA AND THE ROLE OF THE VECTOR BEETLE EUWALLACEA INTERJECTUS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kajii ◽  
T. Morita ◽  
S. Jikumaru ◽  
H. Kajimura ◽  
Y. Yamaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Brown Discoloration ◽  
New Generation

Ceratocystis ficicola causes serious wilt disease in many fig orchards in Japan. The transmission of this pathogen is thought to occur via soil to host roots, and an ambrosia beetle, Euwallacea interjectus, has been reported as a vector of the pathogen. Anatomical investigations were made on the disease development process with a particular focus on the responses of host tissue to the activities of the vector beetle and the pathogen. Living 26- and 8-year-old Ficus carica trees that were naturally infected with C. ficicola and had holes excavated by E. interjectus were used for analysis. Dark brown discoloration was observed in the sapwood of specimens with poor shoot elongation and slight leaf wilt at harvest. Discolored sapwood coincided with the distribution of hyphae of the pathogen, which was verified by the presence of conidiophores. Most of the beetle’s gallery was distributed inside the discolored area. In the non-discolored sapwood adjacent to the border of the discolored area, some galleries were elongated and contained living new generation adults and larvae of E. interjectus. Hyphae of the pathogen and colored substances were identified also around those new galleries.The present study showed that elongation of galleries by E. interjectus in the functional sapwood induces the wide distribution of the pathogen and contributes to the expansion of the discolored area in which vessels were dysfunctional. This process causes a shortage of water supply and wilting in the infected trees. Euwallacea interjectus must be contributing to the symptom development of this wilt disease.

scholarly journals Variation in Growth Response of Coastal Dune-Building Grass Species Ammophila Arenaria and Leymus Arenarius to Sand Burial

Botanica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Gederts Ievinsh ◽  
Una Andersone-Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Ammophila Arenaria ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Coastal Habitats ◽  
Sand Burial ◽  
Leymus Arenarius

AbstractAmmophila arenaria and Leymus arenarius are dune-building grass species native to European seacoasts. The present study aimed to compare growth responses to the sand burial of A. arenaria and L. arenarius from coastal habitats of the Baltic Sea, when the intensity of sand accretion was relatively low under controlled conditions. Plants were grown from seeds collected from natural coastal habitats, transplanted into individual containers, buried in the sand at different depths in the rapid shoot elongation stage, and further cultivated (11 or 9 weeks) in an automated greenhouse. Burial in sand significantly stimulated the growth of shoots of A. arenaria, the effect was earlier at high burial intensities (46 and 60%) and was evident ten days after the start of treatment. Both shoot and root dry mass increased for plants buried at 13%; however, increased burial depth (37, 46 and 60%) resulted in a significant increase in root biomass. In comparison, shoot biomass decreased significantly at the highest burial intensity (60%). For L. arenarius, there was no direct dependence of shoot elongation rate on burial depth. There was a tendency for increased elongation growth and biomass allocation to leaf sheaths despite a decrease in total shoot mass. Most strikingly, root biomass decreased with sand burial in parallel with increased burial depth up to 21% intensity. In conclusion, although both grass species showed a positive shoot growth response to moderate sand burial intensity, differences in individual responses at the morphological and physiological level indicate the existence of different genetically based adaptation strategies.

Role of putrescine in enhancing shoot elongation in Scirpus mucronatus under submergence

1996 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tse-Min Lee ◽  
Yuh-Jang Shieh ◽  
Chang-Hung Chou
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation
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