Combined effects of light and water availability on photosynthesis and growth of Arisaema heterophyllum in the forest understory and an open site

Oecologia ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-292
Author(s):  
H. Muraoka ◽  
Y. Tang ◽  
H. Koizumi ◽  
I. Washitani
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Open Site

Combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and exogenous cytokinins on pomegranate (Punica granatum) under two contrasting water availability conditions

Symbiosis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Bompadre ◽  
L. Fernández Bidondo ◽  
V. A. Silvani ◽  
R. P. Colombo ◽  
M. Pérgola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Combined Effects

Leaf survival of woody plants in deciduous broad-leaved forests. 2. Small trees and shrubs

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2551-2556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kihachiro Kikuzawa
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Understory Species ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Open Site ◽  
Leaf Survival ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Leaf survival of 29 species of small trees and shrubs was described in and around deciduous broad-leaved forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Twenty-four species had green leaves in the summer (summer green) and the other five species had green leaves in winter. Among the latter, three species were evergreen, one had green leaves in the winter and no leaves in the summer (winter green), and the other had two types of shoots: evergreen and summer green (heteroptosis). In summer-green species of the understory, both leaf emergence and leaf fall lasted only a short time. Duration of leaf emergence was long in open-site species and was intermediate in gap species. Leaf survival can be considered as part of the adaptive strategy of each species. The leaves of understory species emerged in a flush; that pattern could be adaptive to the strongly seasonal illumination of the forest floor. Evergreen and winter-green habits, as well as heteroptosis, were also assumed to be adaptive to life in the understory of deciduous broad-leaved forests, since full sunlight in early spring can be utilized by their overwintering leaves. Leaf survival of gap species was presumed to be more flexible than that of forest understory species. Leaf survival of open-site species was considered to be a strategy to occupy the available open spaces as widely as possible.

Effects of Retinoic Acid and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on IFN-gamma Secretion by Mononuclear Leukocytes from Nulliparous and Postparturient Dairy Cattle

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burim Ametaj ◽  
Brian Nonnecke ◽  
Ronald Horst ◽  
Donald Beitz
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Pokeweed Mitogen ◽  
Mononuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D

Individual and combined effects of several isomers of retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from nulliparous and postparturient Holstein cattle were evaluated in vitro. In the first experiment, effects on incubation period (24 to 72 hours) and time of supplementation (0 to 32 hours) with all-trans, 9-cis, 13-cis-, and 9,13-dicis-RAs (0 to 100 nM) on IFN-gamma secretion by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated (0 and 10 mug/ml) MNL from nulliparous cattle were evaluated. In the second experiment, MNL from postparturient cows (bled at 0, 2, 4, and 16 days postpartum) were stimulated with PWM (0 and 10 mug/ml) in the presence of RA isomers (9-cis- or 9,13-dicis-RA; 0 to 100 nM), 1,25-(OH)2D3 (0 to 100 nM), or with combinations of these metabolites. The results show that individual isomers of RA had no effect on IFN-gamma secretion by PWM-stimulated MNL from nulliparous or postparturient cows. Furthermore 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited IFN-gamma secretion by MNL from nulliparous and postparturient dairy cows; however, the degree of inhibition was greater when 9-cis- and 9,13-dicis-RA were also present in the cultures. Finally mononuclear leukocytes from postparturient dairy cows produced substantially less IFN-gamma than did MNL from nulliparous cattle. It is concluded that retinoic acids individually did not affect the capacity of leukocytes from dairy cattle to secrete IFN-gamma. This result is in marked contrast to studies in monogastric species indicating that RAs inhibit IFN-gamma secretion by peripheral blood T cells. Inhibition of IFN-gamma secretion by 1,25-(OH)2D3 was potentiated by 9-cis- and 9,13-di-cis-retinoics acids, suggesting that an excess of dietary vitamins A and D may compromise further the naturally immunosuppressed postparturient dairy cow. Additional research is necessary to determine if the combined effects of these metabolites on IFN-gamma secretion represent an increased susceptibility of the dairy cow to infectious diseases during the periparturient period. Lower secretion of IFN-gamma by MNL from postpartutient dairy cows, relative to nulliparous cattle, suggests that recently-calved cows are naturally immunosuppressed.

Combined effects of form- and meaning-based predictability on perceived clarity of speech.

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Signoret ◽  
Ingrid Johnsrude ◽  
Elisabet Classon ◽  
Mary Rudner
Keyword(s):  
Combined Effects

Combined effects of the prosteatotic TM6SF2 and PNPLA3 variants on severity of NALFD: multicentre biopsy-based study in German patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Krawczyk ◽  
M Rau ◽  
J Schattenberg ◽  
H Bantel ◽  
A Pathil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combined Effects
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