Identification and temporospatial distribution of bovine primordial germ cells prior to gonadal sexual differentiation

1998 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 451-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-H. Wrobel ◽  
Franz Süß
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells

scholarly journals PRC1 coordinates timing of sexual differentiation of female primordial germ cells

Nature ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 495 (7440) ◽  
pp. 236-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihori Yokobayashi ◽  
Ching-Yeu Liang ◽  
Hubertus Kohler ◽  
Peter Nestorov ◽  
Zichuan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells

scholarly journals Sexual Differentiation and Primordial Germ Cell Distribution in the Early Horse Fetus

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2422
Author(s):  
Dragos Scarlet ◽  
Stephan Handschuh ◽  
Ursula Reichart ◽  
Giorgia Podico ◽  
Robyn E. Ellerbrock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Computed Tomography Scanning ◽  
Fetal Ovary ◽  
Well Differentiated

It was the aim of this study to characterize the development of the gonads and genital ducts in the equine fetus around the time of sexual differentiation. This included the identification and localization of the primordial germ cell population. Equine fetuses between 45 and 60 days of gestation were evaluated using a combination of micro-computed tomography scanning, immunohistochemistry, and multiplex immunofluorescence. Fetal gonads increased in size 23-fold from 45 to 60 days of gestation, and an even greater increase was observed in the metanephros volume. Signs of mesonephros atrophy were detected during this time. Tubular structures of the fetal testes were present from day 50 onwards, whereas cell clusters dominated in the fetal ovary. The genital ducts were well-differentiated and presented a lumen in all samples. No sign of mesonephric or paramesonephric duct degeneration was detected. Expression of AMH was strong in the fetal testes but absent in ovaries. Irrespective of sex, primordial germ cells selectively expressed LIN28. Migration of primordial germ cells from the mesonephros to the gonad was detected at 45 days, but not at 60 days of development. Their number and distribution within the gonad were influenced (p < 0.05) by fetal sex. Most primordial germ cells (86.8 ± 3.2% in females and 84.6 ± 4.7% in males) were characterized as pluripotent according to co-localization with CD117. However, only a very small percentage of primordial germ cells were proliferating (7.5 ± 1.7% in females and 3.2 ± 1.2% in males) based on co-localization with Ki67. It can be concluded that gonadal sexual differentiation in the horse occurs asynchronously with regard to sex but already before 45 days of gestation.

Germ-cell line and sexual differentiation in birds

1970 ◽  
Vol 259 (828) ◽  
pp. 73-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Excretory Function ◽  
Germ Cell Line ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins ◽  
Secondary Formation

The present paper deals with recent investigations on the germ line and the sexual organogenesis in birds. The analysis has been limited to the following problems: origin of the germ line, physiology of the germinal epithelia, determinism of the migration of gonocytes, and differentiation of the germ cells during sexual organogenesis. It has been clearly established that in birds the germ line is precociously determined and that the anterior germinal crescent is a secondary formation. The hypothesis according to which the primary localization of the germ cells in birds (and more generally in Amniotes) would be posterior, is discussed. It appears to be the most plausible. The germinal epithelia are secretory and excretory organs. The excretory function is of the merocrine type. Kinetic studies of the protein turnover in the germinal epithelia demonstrate the existence of at least two categories of cytoplasmic proteins: structural proteins, and exportable proteins; the latter are excreted via protrusions of the epithelial cells. The hypothesis according to which the excretory function is associated with the attractive power exerted by the sexual primordia upon the migrating primordial germ cells is examined. The mechanism controlling the entry into the genital ridge of the gonocytes circulating in the embryonic blood stream is of a chemotactic nature. Finally, during early sexual organogenesis, as well as during later stages of sexual differentiation, the germ cells undergo important ultrastructural, histochemical and physiological (migratory properties) changes.

Early gonadal development and sexual differentiation in muskellunge (Esox masquinongy)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1262-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Lin ◽  
Konrad Dabrowski ◽  
Lucy P. M. Timmermans
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Early Prophase ◽  
Esox Masquinongy

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were first identified in muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) of 14 mm total length (TL) 3 weeks post fertilization. At 32 mm TL, gonad strings were complete and formed a typical gonad shape in cross section. Blood vessels were first found in the gonads with Crossmon staining at 46 mm TL. Some of the PGCs underwent mitotic division at this stage. The ovarian sac started to develop in a fish of 82 mm TL, while the germ cells were still considered to be undifferentiated. In a fish of 138 mm TL, female gonads could be clearly identified from the ovarian sac and groups of oogonia, whereas in another type of gonad, the morphology of undifferentiated gonads was maintained. Germ cells became numerous in both sexes at 211 mm TL. Female gonads contained lobes with germ cells, including oogonia, early-prophase oocytes, and large oocytes. Spermatogonia and cells undergoing mitosis were observed in the testis. Ovaries in a fish of 250 mm TL were at the early stage of perinucleolus (early diplotene). Our observations indicate that in muskellunge (i) the PGCs remained in a resting state for up to 8 weeks post fertilization, (ii) gametogenesis occurred earlier in females than in males, (iii) the gonads developed from an undifferentiated stage directly into an ovary or testis, and (iv) the somatic elements in the gonads differentiated prior to the germ cells.

scholarly journals Retinoic Acid and Germ Cell Development in the Ovary and Testis

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Endo ◽  
Maria M. Mikedis ◽  
Peter K. Nicholls ◽  
David C. Page ◽  
Dirk G. de Rooij
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Male Germ Cells ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Meiotic Initiation

Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, is critical for the production of oocytes and sperm in mammals. These gametes derive from primordial germ cells, which colonize the nascent gonad, and later undertake sexual differentiation to produce oocytes or sperm. During fetal development, germ cells in the ovary initiate meiosis in response to RA, whereas those in the testis do not yet initiate meiosis, as they are insulated from RA, and undergo cell cycle arrest. After birth, male germ cells resume proliferation and undergo a transition to spermatogonia, which are destined to develop into haploid spermatozoa via spermatogenesis. Recent findings indicate that RA levels change periodically in adult testes to direct not only meiotic initiation, but also other key developmental transitions to ensure that spermatogenesis is precisely organized for the prodigious output of sperm. This review focuses on how female and male germ cells develop in the ovary and testis, respectively, and the role of RA in this process.

Behaviour of germ cells and sexual differentiation in late embryonic and early postnatal mouse chimeras

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-405
Author(s):  
Ewa T. Mystkowska ◽  
Andrzej K. Tarkowski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Mouse Chimeras

The purpose of the present study was to trace the fate of primordial germ cells in mouse chimeras of XX/XY constitution. In this type of research one hopes to obtain knowledge of the role of intrinsic genetic factors and of environmental factors (the environment provided by the gonads) in initiating and directing the course of gametogenesis in mammals. Data obtained up to the present show that adult males with sex chromosome chimerism produce spermatozoa only from the genetically male component and that in these individuals XX germ cells are not present among primary spermatocytes in diakinesis (Mystkowska & Tarkowski, 1968). The first of these observations has recently been confirmed by Mintz (1968). Since chimeras formed of components of the same genetic sex can produce gametes of both ‘parental’ genetic types, it seems likely that, in XX/XY individuals also, primordial germ cells of both types are formed and populate the genital ridges, and that the absence of XX germ cells in adult XX/XY males is secondary rather than primary.

scholarly journals Sexual Differentiation and Primordial Germ Cell Distribution in the Early Horse Fetus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragos Scarlet ◽  
Stephan Handschuh ◽  
Ursula Reichart ◽  
Giorgia Podico ◽  
Robyn E Ellerbrock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Computed Tomography Scanning ◽  
Fetal Ovary ◽  
Well Differentiated

It was the aim of this study to provide a more precise timeframe of development of the gonads and genital ducts in the equine fetus around the time of sexual differentiation. This included the identification and localisation of the primordial germ cell population. Equine fetuses between 45 and 60 days of gestation were evaluated using a combination of micro-computed tomography scanning, immunohistochemistry, and multiplex immunofluorescence. Fetal gonads increased in size by 23-fold from 45 to 60 days of gestation, paralleled by a greater increase in metanephros volume. Signs of mesonephros atrophy were detected during this time. Tubular structures of the fetal testes were present from day 50 onwards, whereas cell clusters dominated in the fetal ovary. The genital ducts were well-differentiated and presented a lumen in all samples. No sign of mesonephric or paramesonephric duct degeneration was detected. Expression of AMH was strong in the fetal testes but absent in ovaries. Irrespective of sex, primordial germ cells selectively expressed LIN28. Migration of primordial germ cells from the mesonephros to the gonad was detected at 45 days, but not at 60 days of development. Their number and distribution within the gonad were influenced (p&amp;lt;0.05) by fetal sex. Most primordial germ cells (86.8 &plusmn; 3.2% in females and 84.6 &plusmn; 4.7% in males) were characterized as pluripotent according to co-localization with CD117. However, only a very small percentage of primordial germ cells was proliferating (7.5 &plusmn; 1.7% in females and 3.2 &plusmn; 1.2% in males) based on co-localization with Ki67. It can be concluded that gonadal sexual differentiation in the horse occurs asynchronously with regard to sex but already before 45 days of gestation.

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