EC - European Commission Radiation Protection Research Programme Malmö Workshop on Medical X-ray Imaging - Potential Impact of the Revised European Medical Exposure Directive (1997)

The Ionising Radiation (Protection of Persons Undergoing Medical Examination or Treatment) Regulations 1988 (POPUMET) made it compulsory from June 1990 for all staff directing medical exposures to ionising radiation to receive formal tuition at a core knowledge course. This course described the hazards of ionising radiation and the safe use of x-ray equipment. It instructed on the nature of ionising radiation and its interaction with tissues, principles and means of dose reduction to patient and operator, the importance of using the patient’s existing radiological information and statutory responsibilities. The POPUMET course was discontinued following the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 (IR(ME)R). IR(ME)R training for healthcare professionals is available as a half-day theoretical course suitable for those designated as ‘referrer’ by their employers. Other locally run ionising radiation protection courses are tailored to the varied requirements of a spectrum of healthcare professionals.

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Optimisation of patient radiation protection in conventional X-ray imaging procedures using film reject analysis: a demonstration of the importance of rare earth screen-film systems

Radiation Protection Dosimetry ◽

10.1093/rpd/ncp165 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 136 (3) ◽

pp. 196-202

Author(s):

S. Inkoom ◽

C. Schandorf ◽

J. J. Fletcher

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Imaging Procedures ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Reject Analysis

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Modern principles of the radiation protection from sources of ionizing radiation in medicine. Part 1: Trends, structure of x-ray diagnostics and doses from medical exposure

Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene ◽

10.21514/1998-426x-2019-12-1-6-24 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 6-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. G. Onischenko ◽

A. Yu. Popova ◽

I. K. Romanovich ◽

A. V. Vodovatov ◽

N. S. Bashketova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Nuclear Medicine ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Russian Federation ◽

European Countries ◽

X Ray ◽

Collective Dose ◽

Effective Doses ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Medical Exposure

Implementation of modern highly informative methods of X-ray diagnostics (computed tomography, interventional examinations, nuclear medicine), associated with the increase of doses to the public and patients, requires the development and improvement of the existing system of the radiation protection from medical exposure. Despite the prevalence of the traditional imaging modalities in the structure of X-ray diagnostics in the Russian Federation (radiography and fluorography compose up to 95% out of 280 mln. X-ray examinations performed in 2017), the major contribution into the collective dose from medical exposure is due to the computed tomography (50,5%). Comparison of the structure of X-ray diagnostics in the Russian Federation with European Union indicates the absence of fluorography examinations and significantly (up to a factor of 5) higher contribution of computed tomography in European countries. An average collective dose from medical exposure in European countries is composed of 80% of computed tomography and of 10% of nuclear medicine; a mean effective dose per X-ray examination are higher up to a factor of 3 compared to Russia. The analysis of the trends of the development of the X-ray diagnostic in the Russian Federation allows predicting a further increase of the number of computer tomography, interventional and nuclear medicine examinations as well as an increase of the collective dose from medical exposure up to a factor of two in the next decade. This will be associated with changes in the structure of the X-ray diagnostics and an increase of the mean effective doses from X-ray examinations.

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Defects of Platelet Function Recognized by X-Ray Imaging and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100119806 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 610-613

Author(s):

M.G. Baldini ◽

S. Morinaga ◽

D. Minasian ◽

R. Feder ◽

D. Sayre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Imaging Technique ◽

Human Platelets ◽

X Rays ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Complex Phenomena ◽

Scanning Electron

Contact X-ray imaging is presently developing as an important imaging technique in cell biology. Our recent studies on human platelets have demonstrated that the cytoskeleton of these cells contains photondense structures which can preferentially be imaged by soft X-ray imaging. Our present research has dealt with platelet activation, i.e., the complex phenomena which precede platelet appregation and are associated with profound changes in platelet cytoskeleton. Human platelets suspended in plasma were used. Whole cell mounts were fixed and dehydrated, then exposed to a stationary source of soft X-rays as previously described. Developed replicas and respective grids were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Designing high-resolution slow scan CCD-based TEM camera systems

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010012936x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 946-947

Author(s):

James F. Mancuso ◽

William B. Maxwell ◽

Russell E. Camp ◽

Mark H. Ellisman

Keyword(s):

Fiber Optics ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

High Energy ◽

Phosphor Layer ◽

X Ray ◽

Light Production ◽

Camera Systems ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Electron Image ◽

Scintillating Fiber

The imaging requirements for 1000 line CCD camera systems include resolution, sensitivity, and field of view. In electronic camera systems these characteristics are determined primarily by the performance of the electro-optic interface. This component converts the electron image into a light image which is ultimately received by a camera sensor.Light production in the interface occurs when high energy electrons strike a phosphor or scintillator. Resolution is limited by electron scattering and absorption. For a constant resolution, more energy deposition occurs in denser phosphors (Figure 1). In this respect, high density x-ray phosphors such as Gd2O2S are better than ZnS based cathode ray tube phosphors. Scintillating fiber optics can be used instead of a discrete phosphor layer. The resolution of scintillating fiber optics that are used in x-ray imaging exceed 20 1p/mm and can be made very large. An example of a digital TEM image using a scintillating fiber optic plate is shown in Figure 2.

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