Wildland Recreation and Human Waste: A Review of Problems, Practices, and Concerns

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 587-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Cilimburg
Keyword(s):  
Human Waste ◽  
Wildland Recreation

Towards an Affordable Human Waste Management Programme for the Poor – A Report on Bangladesh

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
K. M. Minnatullah
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Human Waste

Nearly 80% of all illness in Bangladesh is related to water and sanitation. The combined rate of enteric diseases in Bangladesh is the highest in the world. 30% of all the deaths of children under 5 are due to diarrhoea, claiming more than 200,000 lives annually. Environmentally sound human waste management, along with personal hygiene awareness, are of critical importance to the prevention of faecal-oral disease transmission. present rural sanitation coverage is about 3%. A national target has been set to ensure that 13% of the rural poor will be covered under the human waste management programme by 1990, the end of the U.N. Water Decade. This however, contrasts with the similar target of 77% for the rural water supply programme, which received higher resource allocation and priority for a much longer period. This lack of correlation between water and sanitation has highly reduced the positive health impact of these developments. An affordable human waste management programme for the rural people, where 87% of the total population lives under conditions of the greatest poverty and underdevelopment, urgently needs serious and realistic consideration in the context of the limited resource prospects for future years. This report addresses the above issues and describes the commendable momentum that has been gained through the continuous efforts of national planners and policy makers. It is hoped that this might in the near future, through the rural human waste management programme, produce the long desired continual reduction of faecal-oral disease transmission.

Development and Field Testing of a Decentralized, Self-Contained Toilet that Converts Human Waste Into Burnable Fuel and Disinfected, Reusable Liquid

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (12) ◽  
pp. 4466-4476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tate Rogers ◽  
Brian Stoner ◽  
Myles Elledge ◽  
Jeff Piascik ◽  
Ethan Klem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Testing ◽  
Human Waste

scholarly journals A Perspective of the Cumulative Risks from Climate Change on Mt. Everest: Findings from the 2019 Expedition

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1928
Author(s):  
Kimberley R. Miner ◽  
Paul Andrew Mayewski ◽  
Mary Hubbard ◽  
Kenny Broad ◽  
Heather Clifford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Pollution ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
National Geographic ◽  
Glacier Melt ◽  
Cumulative Risks

In 2019, the National Geographic and Rolex Perpetual Planet Everest expedition successfully retrieved the greatest diversity of scientific data ever from the mountain. The confluence of geologic, hydrologic, chemical and microbial hazards emergent as climate change increases glacier melt is significant. We review the findings of increased opportunity for landslides, water pollution, human waste contamination and earthquake events. Further monitoring and policy are needed to ensure the safety of residents, future climbers, and trekkers in the Mt. Everest watershed.

scholarly journals Recovery of SARS-CoV-2 from Wastewater Using Centrifugal Ultrafiltration

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Brienna L. Anderson-Coughlin ◽  
Adrienne E. H. Shearer ◽  
Alexis N. Omar ◽  
K. Eric Wommack ◽  
Kalmia E. Kniel
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Clinical Testing ◽  
Human Feces ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
New Castle County ◽  
Wastewater Systems ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Centrifugal Ultrafiltration

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis and continues to impact communities as the disease spreads. Clinical testing alone provides a snapshot of infected individuals but is costly and difficult to perform logistically across whole populations. The virus which causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, is shed in human feces and urine and can be detected in human waste. SARS-CoV-2 can be shed in high concentrations (>107 genomic copies/mL) due to its ability to replicate in the gastrointestinal tract of humans through attachment to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors there. Monitoring wastewater for SARS-CoV-2, alongside clinical testing, can more accurately represent the spread of disease within a community. This protocol describes a reliable and efficacious method to recover SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, quantify genomic RNA levels, and evaluate concentration fluctuations over time. Using this protocol, viral levels as low as 10 genomic copies/mL were successfully detected from 30 mL of wastewater in more than seven-hundred samples collected between August 2020 and March 2021. Through the adaptation of traditional enteric virus methods used in food safety research, targets have been reliably detected with no inhibition of detection (RT-qPCR) observed in any sample processed. This protocol is currently used for surveillance of wastewater systems across New Castle County, Delaware.

Sanitation game changing: paradigm shift from end-of-pipe to off-grid solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Bhagwan ◽  
S. Pillay ◽  
D. Koné
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Water Security ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Wastewater Pollution ◽  
Developed Nations

Abstract The toilet-wastewater-pollution nexus – the provision of safe, hygienic and appropriate sanitation solutions – is an emerging, priority issue world-wide. Developed nations have followed a linear design approach to achieve their sanitation needs, with conventional waterborne systems continuously improved to meet more stringent control and pollution regulations while minimising the load on the natural environment. Developing countries, on the other hand, continue to struggle to implement such systems, due to a myriad of factors associated with financing, affordability and revenue, and thus rely heavily on on-site systems. On-site systems pose a different set of technical challenges related to their management, which is often overlooked in the developing world. Whereas, while technology strides increase in conventional sanitation processes towards zero-effluent, these come at a significant cost and energy requirement. Further, climate variability and water security put added pressure on the resources available for flushing and transporting human waste. A new paradigm for sanitation, proposed in this paper, introduces and is based on technology disrupters that can safely treat human excreta, and matches user preferences without the need for sewers, or reliance on large quantities of water and/or energy supplies. Through innovation and smart-chain supply, universal access can be achieved sustainably, and linked to water security and business opportunities. The opportunity arises for leapfrogging these solutions in growing cities in the developing world, reducing water consumption and eliminating pollutant pathways.

POTENSI SUMBER BIOGAS BERBASIS TINJA PADA SUATU CLUSTER PERUMAHAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
As Zhu Ra ◽  
Sudarti ◽  
Yushardi
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Exhaust Pipe ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Methane Gas ◽  
The Future

Abstract: THE POTENTIAL OF BIOGAS SOURCES BASED ON REFERENCE IN A HOUSING CLUSTER. In the future there will be a shortage of fuel oil, as a result developed countries will begin to work on the management of use in replacing the problem of low fuel oil and shortage of LPJ gas in the future, one of which is to produce alternative energy using human waste as the basic material, usually called Bio- Gas / Bio-Fuel. However, the management system and processes still use septic tanks that absorb human waste. So the main material or human waste that can be made to generate alternative energy for general public needs, so that it is not wasted using existing disposal methods. This activity is an explanatory activity to describe the process of disposing of human waste in the process of the exhaust pipe equipment system for each house by accumulating it in the central disposal area for the fermentation process to produce methane gas which is converted into gas power to electricity. This invention is used to find out how to make biogas from human waste. The findings of the present invention show the addition of methane gas and a central septic-tank in several households. Key words: Energy, Alternative, Biogas, Human waste, Fermentation process, Biofuel Abstrak: Pada masa depan akan terjaddi kekurangan bahan bakar minyak, akibatnya wilayah negara maju memulai mengerjakan pengelolaan digunakan dalam menggantikan permasalahan sedikitnya BBM dan kekurangan gas LPJ pada masa depan nanti, salah satu yang dilakukan adalah memproduksi energi alternative dengan bahan dasar kotoran manusia biasanya dinamakan dengan Bio-Gas/Bio-Fuel. Akan tetapi, system pengelolaannya dan prosesnya masih menggunakan septik-tank yang meresap kotoran manusia. Jadi bahan utama atau limbah manusia yang sepatutnya dapat dibuat untuk penghasilan tenaga alternative untuk keperluan umum masyarakat, supaya tidak terbuang sia-sia menggunakan cara pembuangan yang ada. Kegiatan ini merupakan pada kegiatan eksplanatori berbuat untuk mendiskripsikan proses prosedur membuang kotoran manusia dalam proses system perlengkapan pipa pembuangan tiap-tiap rumah dengan dikomulatifkan di wardah pembuangan pusat untuk proses fermentasi untuk menghasilkan gas metana yang dirubah dalam tenaga gas ke listrik. Penemuan ini digunakan untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara membuat biogas dari kotoran manusia. Perolehan dari penemuan ini memperlihatkan penambahan gas metana dan sentral septik-tank pada beberapa rumah tangga. Kata kunci: Energi, Alternatif, Biogas, Kotoran manusia, Proses fermentasi, Biofuel

scholarly journals Occurrence of porcine cysticercosis in free-ranging pigs delivered to slaughter points in Arapai, Soroti district, Uganda

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Zirintunda ◽  
Justine Ekou
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Eastern Uganda

Poverty, hunger and the need for production of pigs with meagre or zero inputs have made most farmers release their pigs to range freely, thus creating a pig-human cycle that maintains Taenia solium, the pig tapeworm and cause of porcine cysticercosis, in the ecosystem. A preliminary study was designed to establish the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis by postmortem examination of the tongue and carcass of free-range pigs from February to April 2014 in Arapai subcounty, Soroti district, eastern Uganda. The tongue of each pig was extended and examined before deep incisions were made and the cut surfaces were examined. The rest of the carcasses were examined for cysts. Out of 178 pigs examined, 32 were qualitatively positive for porcine cysticercosis, representing a prevalence of 18.0%. This high prevalence represents a marked risk to the communities in the study area of neurocysticercosis, a debilitating parasitic zoonosis. Proper human waste disposal by use of pit latrines, confinement of free-range pigs and treatment with albendazole and oxfendazole are recommended.

In-vessel co-composting – a rapid resource recovery option for septage treatment in Indian cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Rachel Thomas ◽  
Martin Kranert ◽  
Ligy Philip
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Design Load ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Chennai City ◽  
Indian Cities

Abstract Septage management is a challenging task across India as more than 44% of the population depends on septic tanks for human waste management. Septage collected from Chennai city, India, was found to be rich in nutrients even though the total solids content (<2%) and C/N are low. The current practice of septage disposal in Chennai city is co-treatment in existing sewage treatment plants. The main drawback of this method is that treatment efficiency could deteriorate if the organic load increased much beyond the design load of the treatment plant and would result in poor treated-water quality. In this context, the present study focused on the potential of in-vessel co-composting as a sustainable treatment option. In order to enhance the co-composting process, suitable co-substrates were identified for making the process efficient and cost-effective. The area under the temperature profile during composting was used as an assessment tool for the identification of the proper mix. Addition of mixed organic waste and coir pith waste (bulking agent) to the dewatered septage gave the highest area among the different combinations. Different waste combinations were investigated in order to assess the suitability for field scale application.

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