Neural activity correlated with the preparation and execution of visually guided arm movements in the cingulate motor area of the monkey

2001 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Backus ◽  
Shuping Ye ◽  
Gary S. Russo ◽  
Michael D. Crutcher
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area

Sleepwalking episodes are preceded by arousal-related activation in the cingulate motor area: EEG current density imaging

2016 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Januszko ◽  
Szymon Niemcewicz ◽  
Tomasz Gajda ◽  
Dorota Wołyńczyk-Gmaj ◽  
Anna Justyna Piotrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
Current Density Imaging

scholarly journals Distinct neuronal organizations of the caudal cingulate motor area and supplementary motor area in monkeys for ipsilateral and contralateral hand movements

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 2845-2858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Nakayama ◽  
Osamu Yokoyama ◽  
Eiji Hoshi
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
Contralateral Hand ◽  
Hand Preferences

The caudal cingulate motor area (CMAc) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) play important roles in movement execution. The present study aimed to characterize the functional organization of these regions during movement by investigating laterality representations in the CMAc and SMA of monkeys via an examination of neuronal activity during a button press movement with either the right or left hand. Three types of movement-related neuronal activity were observed: 1) with only the contralateral hand, 2) with only the ipsilateral hand, and 3) with either hand. Neurons in the CMAc represented contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements to the same degree, whereas neuronal representations in the SMA were biased toward contralateral hand movement. Furthermore, recording neuronal activities using a linear-array multicontact electrode with 24 contacts spaced 150 μm apart allowed us to analyze the spatial distribution of neurons exhibiting particular hand preferences at the submillimeter scale. The CMAc and SMA displayed distinct microarchitectural organizations. The contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral CMAc neurons were distributed homogeneously, whereas SMA neurons exhibiting identical hand preferences tended to cluster. These findings indicate that the CMAc, which is functionally organized in a less structured manner than the SMA is, controls contralateral and ipsilateral hand movements in a counterbalanced fashion, whereas the SMA, which is more structured, preferentially controls contralateral hand movements.

Comparison of Neural Activity in the Supplementary Motor Area and in the Primary Motor Cortex in Monkeys

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Dao-fen ◽  
B. Hyland ◽  
V. Maier ◽  
A. Palmeri ◽  
M. Wiesendanger
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Area

scholarly journals Supplementary Motor Area Exerts Proactive and Reactive Control of Arm Movements

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (44) ◽  
pp. 14657-14675 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Chen ◽  
K. W. Scangos ◽  
V. Stuphorn
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Reactive Control

Neural representations of the target (goal) of visually guided arm movements in three motor areas of the monkey

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Alexander ◽  
M. D. Crutcher
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Tracking Tasks ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Preparatory Activity ◽  
Standard Task ◽  
The Right

1. This study was designed to determine whether the supplementary motor area (SMA), the primary motor cortex (MC), and the putamen, all of which are components of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical “motor circuit,” contain neural representations of the target or goal of a movement, independent of specific features of the movement itself. Four rhesus monkeys were trained to perform two visuomotor delayed step-tracking tasks in which the subject used a cursor to track targets on a display screen by making flexion and extension movements of the elbow. Single-cell activity was recorded from the SMA, MC, and putamen while the monkeys performed the two tasks. In the Standard task, the cursor and the forearm moved in the same direction. The Cursor/Limb Inversion task was identical to the Standard task except that there was an inverse relationship between the directions of movement of the forearm and cursor. Together, these tasks dissociated the spatial features of the target or goal of the movement from those of the movement itself. Both tasks also included features that made it possible to distinguish neuronal activity related to the preparation for movement from that related to movement execution. A total of 554 directionally selective, task-related neurons were tested with both tasks (SMA, 207; MC, 198; putamen, 149). 2. Two types of directionally selective preparatory activity were seen in each motor area. Cells with target-dependent preparatory activity showed selective discharge prior to all preplanned movements of the cursor toward one of the side targets (right or left), irrespective of whether the limb movement involved extension or flexion of the elbow. Comparable proportions of target-dependent preparatory cells were seen in the SMA (36%), MC (40%), and putamen (38%). Cells with limb-dependent preparatory activity showed selective discharge prior to all preplanned elbow movements in a particular direction (extension or flexion), irrespective of whether the target to which the cursor was moved was located on the right or left side of the display. The SMA contained a higher proportion of limb-dependent preparatory cells (40%) than either MC (15%) or putamen (9%). 3. Two types of directionally selective movement-related activity were also seen in each motor area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Activation on the Medial Wall During Remembered Sequences of Reaching Movements in Monkeys

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 2197-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Picard ◽  
Peter L. Strick
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Medial Wall ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Face Representation ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
Medial Area ◽  
Motor Areas

Picard, Nathalie and Peter L. Strick. Activation on the medial wall during remembered sequences of reaching movements in monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2197–2201, 1997. We used the 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) method to map activation in the motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere. One group of monkeys licked juice delivered at variable time intervals (LICK task). For these animals, the motor areas on the medial wall displayed restricted activation. 2DG uptake was limited largely to the face representation of the supplementary motor area (SMA). Additional labeling was present more rostrally in the banks of the cingulate sulcus. A second group of animals performed remembered sequences of reaching movements (REM task) for juice rewards. Activation related to licking also was present in this group. In addition, separate, discrete activations were found on the superior frontal gyrus and in the cingulate sulcus during the REM task. The most intense and extensive 2DG labeling was located in the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus, coincident with the dorsal cingulate motor area (CMAd). Weaker activations were present in the arm area of the SMA and in the pre-SMA. There was no significant 2DG incorporation in the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus where the ventral cingulate motor area is located. Our findings suggest that the CMAd is involved more than any other medial area in the preparation for and/or execution of highly practiced, remembered sequences of movements. Overall, our results indicate that the attributes of motor control are not represented equally across the motor areas on the medial wall.

scholarly journals Neuronal Activity Related to the Visual Representation of Arm Movements in the Lateral Cerebellar Cortex

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 1223-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuguang Liu ◽  
Edwin Robertson ◽  
R. Christopher Miall
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Visual Outcome ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Increased Activity

Testing the hypothesis that the lateral cerebellum forms a sensory representation of arm movements, we investigated cortical neuronal activity in two monkeys performing visually guided step-tracking movements with a manipulandum. A virtual target and cursor image were viewed co-planar with the manipulandum. In the normal task, manipulandum and cursor moved in the same direction; in the mirror task, the cursor was left-right reversed. In one monkey, 70- and 200-ms time delays were introduced on cursor movement. Significant task-related activity was recorded in 31 cells in one animal and 142 cells in the second: 10.2% increased activity before arm movements onset, 77.1% during arm movement, and 12.7% after the new position was reached. To test for neural representation of the visual outcome of movement, firing rate modulation was compared in normal and mirror step-tracking. Most task-related neurons (68%) showed no significant directional modulation. Of 70 directionally sensitive cells, almost one-half ( n = 34, 48%) modulated firing with a consistent cursor movement direction, many fewer responding to the manipulandum direction ( n = 9, 13%). For those “cursor-related” cells tested with delayed cursor movement, increased activity onset was time-locked to arm movement and not cursor movement, but activation duration was extended by an amount similar to the applied delay. Hence, activity returned to baseline about when the delayed cursor reached the target. We conclude that many cells in the lateral cerebellar cortex signaled the direction of cursor movement during active step-tracking. Such a predictive representation of the arm movement could be used in the guidance of visuo-motor actions.

scholarly journals Why we see things the way we do: evidence for a wholly empirical strategy of vision

2001 ◽  
Vol 356 (1407) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Purves ◽  
R. Beau Lotto ◽  
S. Mark Williams ◽  
Surajit Nundy ◽  
Zhiyong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Operational Strategy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ambiguous Stimuli ◽  
The Way

Many otherwise puzzling aspects of the way we see brightness, colour, orientation and motion can be understood in wholly empirical terms. The evidence reviewed here leads to the conclusion that visual percepts are based on patterns of reflex neural activity shaped entirely by the past success (or failure) of visually guided behaviour in response to the same or a similar retinal stimulus. As a result, the images we see accord with what the sources of the stimuli have typically turned out to be, rather than with the physical properties of the relevant objects. If vision does indeed depend upon this operational strategy to generate optimally useful perceptions of inevitably ambiguous stimuli, then the underlying neurobiological processes will eventually need to be understood within this conceptual framework.

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