Choice between cocaine and food in a discrete-trials procedure in monkeys: a unit price analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Woolverton ◽  
Justin A. English ◽  
Michael R. Weed
Keyword(s):  
Unit Price ◽  
Discrete Trials ◽  
Price Analysis

scholarly journals Studi Perencanaan Perkerasan Lentur Dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya (Pada Proyek Ruas Jalan Karangtalun – Kalidawir Kabupaten Tulungagung)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Henny Prasetiyo ◽  
Yosef Cahyo Setianto Poernomo ◽  
Agata Iwan Candra
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Manual Method ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Road pavement is a major component in supporting the smooth running of land transportation so that it can be accessed comfortably and safely by road users. Road pavement, according to its type, is divided into three types, namely flexible pavement, rigid pavement, and composite pavement. On flexible pavements, there are several methods used to determine the thickness of the pavement in the initial plan. The method used as a reference is the 2017 Design Manual Method, and the calculation of the RAB refers to the Basic Unit Price Analysis in 2019. This study aims to obtain good quality flexible pavement but at a low cost in terms of the 2017 Design Manual method and analysis calculations and The price of the basic unit (RAB) in 2019. From the calculation of the pavement thickness of each layer, namely the top layer of 5 cm, the middle layer of 20 cm, and the bottom layer of 15 cm, it is known that the cost required to carry out the construction of the pavement is Rp. 73,342,707,500.00.Perkerasan jalan adalah komponen utama dalam menunjang lancarnya suatu transportasi darat, sehingga jalan dapat diakses dengan mudah, nyaman dan aman oleh pengguna jalan. Perkerasan jalan menurut jenisnya dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu perkerasan lentur, perkerasan kaku dan perkerasan komposit. Pada perkerasan lentur terdapat beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan tebal perkerasan perencanaan awal. Adapun metode yang dipakai sebagai acuan adalah Metode Manual Desain 2017 serta perhitungan RAB mengacu dengan Analisa Harga Satuan Dasar pada tahun 2019. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan mutu perkerasan lentur yang baik tetapi dengan biaya yang murah ditinjau dari metode Manual Desain 2017 serta perhitungan Analisa Harga Satuan Dasar (RAB) pada tahun 2019. Dari hasil perhitungan tebal perkerasan masing-masing lapisan yaitu lapis atas 5 cm, lapis tengah 20 cm, dan lapis bawah 15 cm diketahui biaya yang diperlukan guna melaksanakan pembangunan perkerasan jalan tersebut sebesar Rp. 73.342.707.500,00.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DURASI dan PERHITUNGAN BIAYA PENYUSUTAN (DEPRESIASI) ALAT BERAT EXCAVATOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Dian Febrianti ◽  
Zakia Zakia
Keyword(s):  
Unit Price ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Town ◽  
Selection Factor ◽  
Straight Line Method

Keberhasilan suatu  proyek dilihat dari keuntungan yang didapatkan dan kecepatan dalam menyelesaikan proyek tersebut, sehingga faktor pemilihan alat berat sangat penting dalam keberhasilan suatu proyek. Biaya penggunaan alat berat yang tinggi, berpengaruh pada konstribusi alat berat terhadap pelaksanaan proyek maka permasalahan yang timbul pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis biaya dan waktu penggunaan salah satu alat berat, yaitu excavator. Permasalahan diatas mendasari penelitian ini untuk mencari durasi penggunaan alat berat excavator dengan metode barchart untuk mengetahui berapa lama durasi penggunaannya dan selanjutnya menghitung biaya penyusutan (depresiasi) alat berat dengan menggunakan metode garis lurus untuk mengetahui nilai sisa alat setelah pemakaian alat dan yang terakhir untuk menghitung biaya penggunaan alat berat menggunakan Analisis Harga Satuan Pekerjaan (ASHP). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada pekerjaan timbunan pilihan pada proyek peningkatan jalan alun-alun suka makmue - jalan lingkar timur ibu kota tahap II kabupaten Nagan Raya. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dengan menggunakan metode barchart maka diperoleh waktu penggunaan alat berat pada pekerjaan timbunan pilihan adalah  excavator 36 hari. Selanjutnya  hasil perhitungan depresiasi alat berat mengalami penurunan nilai asetnya adalah excavator  tipe hitachi Rp.136.000.000/tahun, excavator tipe komathatsu Rp.53.000.000/tahun, dan terakhir hasil mehitung biaya sewa penggunaan alat berat adalah excavator tipe hitachi sebesar Rp.365.300/hari, excavator tipe komathatsu sebesar Rp.409.400.,00/hari. Kesimpulan yang didapat pada penelitian ini adalah pengunaan alat berat yang optimal dapat mengghemat penggunaan biaya sewa alat berat.Kata kunci : Alat berat, Durasi, DepresiasiThe success of a project is seen from the benefits obtained and the speed in completing the project, so that the selection factor of heavy equipment is very important in the success of a project. The cost of using heavy equipment is high, affecting the contribution of heavy equipment to the implementation of the project, the problems that arise in this study aim to analyze the cost and time of use of one of the heavy equipment, namely an excavator. The above problems underlie this study to find the duration of the use of excavator heavy equipment with the barchart method to determine how long the duration of use and then calculate the depreciation of heavy equipment using the straight-line method to determine the remaining value of the tool after use of the tool and the last to calculate the cost heavy equipment use using Job Unit Price Analysis (ASHP). This research was carried out on selected heap work on a road improvement project in the town square like makmue - the eastern ring road of the second stage capital of Nagan Raya district. Based on the results of calculations using the barchart method, it is obtained the time of heavy equipment usage on the selected pile job is 36 days excavator. Furthermore, the calculation of the depreciation of heavy equipment experienced a decrease in the value of its assets are hitachi type excavators Rp. 136,000,000 / year, komathatsu type excavators Rp. 53,000,000 / year, and finally the result of calculating the rental cost of heavy equipment is hitachi type excavators Rp.365,300 / day, komathatsu type excavators of Rp. 409,400 .00 / day. The conclusion obtained in this study is that the optimal use of heavy equipment can save the use of heavy equipment rental costs.Keywords: Heavy equipment, Duration, Depreciation

scholarly journals Evaluation of Procurement Process on Ethanol Factory Construction – Lampung

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Roi Milyardi ◽  
Indra Koheru ◽  
Cindrawaty Lesmana
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Procurement Process ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Human Resource Training ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
Design Construction

The procurement process in construction is quite complicated with its various methods. One of them, design and construct contracting, which often used, is one that has an advantage of saving time and money. However, for companies without sufficient capabilities to carry out procurement, the design construct contract method also requires expert assistance in the process. To meet the construction procurement process requirements, one workable solution is that the company collaborates with a university for its factory construction development. The relevant academicians have expertise to solve problems in procurement process. The academician team was collecting appropriate data and then evaluating it to give suggestions on the construction procurement process. The method used was a simple comparison of the price proposed by the contractor to the owner estimate which was then calculated based on the Indonesian Regulation by the Minister of Public Works and Housing no. 28/PRT/M/concerning the unit price analysis that used as reference. Prices for materials, tools, and wages referred from Indonesian unit price journal references. The result of the evaluation was to determine the contract winner based on price and technical design aspects within company budget. During the evaluation process, clarification was made regarding the proposed design, construction method and quality of the proposed material to match the technical aspects of the design. The price evaluation process which was carried out in a short term has assisted the company in carrying out its construction procurement process. In the long run, cooperation can be developed in the form of human resource training so that the company can develop independently in carrying out the construction procurement process.   Keywords: construction procurement, community service, owner estimate

scholarly journals Costing, Adobe Technique as a Sustainable Construction System in the City of Cuenca

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032115
Author(s):  
Verónica Molina ◽  
Pedro Angumba
Keyword(s):  
Unit Price ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Rural Sector ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Construction Activity ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
The City ◽  
Real Costs ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Construction System

Abstract Adobe is an old material used in construction but over time, this construction system has lost space and preference among population. Hence, the need to seek alternatives as professionals in the construction area to encourage the use of the Adobe technique has raised. Thus, the present study made a cost of the items involved in the construction of houses from the adobe based on the theoretical references. In addition, it established a unit price analysis that identifies the particularities of this system focusing on an analytical, descriptive-conclusive methodology whose data are analysed from the results of applying a survey (n = 96) to the inhabitants of the rural sector of Cuenca and construction experts (n = 11). The average price of the construction of houses with Adobe is $ 38,357.23 dollars for a house of 150 m2 taking into account that the real costs and the construction activity are sensitive to changes in the population and market prices.

scholarly journals Analysis of Use of Welded Angle and Drop Hollow as Reusable Temporary Supporting in Metal deck Slabs Viewed From Performance of Costs And Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Novika Candra Fertilia ◽  
Sani Sona Swasti
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Concrete ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Deck Slabs ◽  
Engineering Team ◽  
Supporting Material ◽  
Anchor Design ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Installation Time ◽  
Initial Method

Like the project in general, slab work on Project Indonesia 1 uses one material, namely metal deck. The upper structure slab consists of 64 floors with a majority of 90% using a metal deck system. Where these components require support that can carry the workload, rebar, and fresh concrete. Starting with Metaldeck's non-reusable / fixed supporting (angle & anchor) design which is quite difficult to apply in the field, it has an impact on increasing time and increasing the cost of work. So the engineering team has the innovation of replacing non-reusable / fixed supporting material (angle & anchor) with reusable material (angle & drop hollow). Cost analysis is sought by calculating the RAB (Cost Budget Plan) using the unit price analysis used by the DKI Jakarta Government and how efficient the time gained. Based on the results of calculations and interviews with relevant experts on the project, the implementation of temporary supporting work costs was carried out using a non-reusable method of Rp.3,211,000,000.00. As for the implementation of the reusable method of Rp.649,916,800. There is a difference in cost between the non-reusable and reusable methods of Rp. 2,561,083,200.00. Where to implement the temporary supporting reusable method is cheaper than using the non-reusable initial method. Then in terms of installation time, the temporary supporting using the non-reusable method was 520 days while for the reusable method it was 260 days. There is a difference between the non-reusable and 260-day reusable methods. The results obtained that the use of Welded Angle & Drop Hollow as Temporary Supporting is more effective and efficient than using the initial Non-reusable method.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN ESTIMASI ANGGARAN BIAYA DENGAN METODE SNI DAN BOW PADA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN GEDUNG D FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM UNIVERSITAS ISLAM LAMONGAN

UKaRsT ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Hammam Rofiqi Agustapraja ◽  
Nur Azizah Affandy
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
List Price ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Comparison Analysis ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Price Comparison ◽  
Process Cost ◽  
Price Analysis

In an effort to get a job or project on the construction sector, the initial stages are carried out by a construction of the service is often referred to participate in the auction or tender. The auction process is very important for the construction of the service because its survival depends on the success or failure of the process. Process cost analysis to estimate construction is a direct cost that is generally used as the basis for bidding. The method used to perform comparisons of estimates is the SNI and BOW method. In the preparation of the necessary work unit price data that supports such images to plan, the volume of work, RAB, RKS, the list price of materials and labor in the research area. And the result of calculation of unit price analysis conducted found with the unit price comparison analysis SNI and BOW. The analysis of the result obtained from the budget estimate economic costs by using SNI is Rp.2.253.760.000,00 while the estimated budget with BOW method is Rp 2.625.418.000,00. This is because the coefficient of greater BOW method of method SNI. Keywords: Comparison of Estimation, Budget Cost, Project, SNI Method, BOW Method. 

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI BIAYA DAN WAKTU PELAKSANAAN PEKERJAAN PERANCAH MENGGUNAKAN SCAFFOLDING PADA BANGUNAN BERTINGKAT DENGAN SISTEM ZONING

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Edy Santoso, Suselo Utoyo, Armin Naibaho
Keyword(s):  
Unit Price ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Work Schedule ◽  
Work Zones ◽  
Implementation Cost ◽  
Structure Form ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Price Analysis

On the implementation of the scaffolding work in a large and typical structures, the work area usually is distributed into several areas or work zones due to the limited area for mobilization of material and equipment, work schedule, structure form, limited resources and so on. The distribution of the different areas or zones in the typical structure will affect the circulation of the equipment removal of the scaffolding .The review was carried out by simulating the time various working methods using zones in 1 floor and 8 different floors. The zoning was of 6 zones, 3 zones, and 1 zones for one floor with various completion of 10 work days, 7 work days, and 5 work days. Work schedule was made based on each model. With reference to the work schedule, calculations, cost and time maximization of scaffolding was carried out. Data analysis process’s were (1) material and tool analysis, (2) job cost analysis, and (3) unit price analysis. The calculations result in an effective and efficient method is by employing 3 zones withim 7 work days for each floor. So it is for the entire 8 floor. With the implementation cost as many as IDR 42,203,210 for 1 floor and IDR 327,113,217 for 8 floors.Keywords: maximization, scaffolding, zone

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTION OF MUSHALLA AND AL-QUR'AN EDUCATION PARK (TPA) DEPOK CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Muji Indarwanto ◽  
Sarjono Puro ◽  
Edison Hatoguan Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
West Java ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
The People ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
Coordination Meeting

In order to improve the function of the Mosque in this case, mushalla as a place of worship and the construction of the people in particular, where people's lives are so compound and crowded, and to increase piety in performing worship (congregational prayer) as best as possible, prospering the Mosque has a positive influence for the development of the community in order to improve the quality of life of the community and the country. In order for religious syi'ar to be more echoed because it requires some improvement because of the inadequate physical condition of the building, it is necessary to renovate the construction of Mushalla and Al-Qur'an Education Park (TPA) which is regressive, is a program of mushalla management in Curug Village, RT.06 RW.04, Bojongsari Subdistrict, Depok City, West Java for the creation of a solemn and comfortable atmosphere of worship. The activities began with a coordination meeting with mushalla administrators in Curug Village, RT.06 RW.04, Bojongsari Subdistrict, Depok City, West Java, and residents around the Mosque, planning, drafting, and calculation in the making of Unit Price Analysis (AHS) in order to be analyzed and carried out on time. Mushalla is a center of community activities and development. And besides that, we should be able to position the Mosque as a unifying forum for Muslims

scholarly journals AN INTEGRATED WEB-BASED DATA WAREHOUSE AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS SYSTEM FOR UNIT PRICE ANALYSIS WITH INFLATION ADJUSTMENT / INTEGRUOTA INTERNETINĖ DUOMENŲ SAUGYKLOS IR DIRBTINIŲ NEURONINIŲ TINKLŲ SISTEMA, SKIRTA VIENETO KAINAI ANALIZUOTI ATSIŽVELGIANT Į INFLIACIJĄ

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Baalousha ◽  
Tahir Çelik
Keyword(s):  
Data Warehouse ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Cost Estimate ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Cost Index ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Estimating is a fundamental part of construction projects. Accurate cost estimate is the single most important element involved in the series of events that leads to a profitable completion of a contract in construction industry. The success or failure of a project depends on the accuracy of cost estimation. A cost estimate becomes more difficult and more complicated under inflationary medium. An unpredictable inflation rate and long progress payment delay during this period makes the budgeting function very difficult, if not impossible. The cost estimation process uses lots of data. The availability of the appropriate data at the appropriate time is one of the main factors affecting the accuracy of the cost estimation. As the complexity of the estimating task increases computerized system becomes increasingly important. The estimator should develop a good system of estimating forms and procedures that exactly meet the requirements of the pro- ject, and that is understood and accessible by all team members. This system should provide the ability to define material, labor hour and equipment hour quantities required for the project. Material, labor, and equipment unit costs are then applied to the bill of quantities. This paper presents An Integrated Web-Based Data Warehouse and Artificial Neural Net- works Model for Unit Price Analysis with Inflation Adjustment system called “DANUP“. Web facilities and database management capabilities of Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 are applied to create a data warehouse which is mainly aimed to integrate data from multiple heterogeneous databases and other information sources. The System also supports integrated cost index for adjusting the effect of inflation during estimating process. An artificial neural network model for forecast- ing the cost indices in Turkey for the project period has been developed. A construction project takes relatively long time to complete, effective communication among the project participants during the project period is important. A web based system is developed to facilitate the collection of construction cost information and communication. The web based sys- tem focuses on demonstrating the potential of data centric web data bases in enhancing the communication process during project execution. End users can access the database through the internet and perform certain transactions according to their authorization. Santrauka Sąmatos sudarymas – esminė statybos projektų dalis. Tiksli sąnaudų sąmata – vienas svarbiausių elementų, susijusių su įvykiais, kurie statybų sektoriuje leidžia pelningai įvykdyti sutartį. Projekto sėkmė arba žlugimas priklauso nuo to, ar tiksliai įvertintos sąnaudos. Infliacinėje aplinkoje sąnaudas įvertinti sunkiau ir sudėtingiau. Dėl neprognozuojamo infliacijos lygio ir ilgalaikių dalinių mokejimų vėlavimo per tokį laikotarpį biudžetą numatyti itin sunku, o gal net neįmanoma. Vertinant sąnaudas reikia gausybės duomenų. Galimybė reikiamu metu gauti reikiamus duomenis – vienas pagrindinių veiksnių, darančių įtaką sąnaudų sąmatos tikslumui. Kadangi sąmatas sudaryti vis sudėtingiau, vis svarbiau yra naudoti kompiuterizuotas sistemas. Sąmatininkas turi suformuoti gerą sąmatų sudarymo formų ir procedūrų sistemą, tiksliai atitinkančią projekto reikalavimus, suprantamą ir prieinamą visiems komandos nariams. Tokioje sistemoje reikia funkcijos, leidžiančios nurodyti projektui reikalingų medžiagų, darbo valandų ir įrangos naudojimo valandų skaičius. Tuomet medžiagų, darbo ir įrangos vienetų kainos įtraukiamos i sąmatą. Šiame darbe pristatoma integruoto internetinio duomenų saugyklos ir dirbtinių neuroninių tinklų modelio, tinkamo analizuoti vieneto kainą, atsižvelgiant į infliacija, sistema, pavadinta ”DANUP“. Naudojant Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 internetines ir duomenų bazių valdymo funkcijas, sukuriama duomenų saugykla, kurios svarbiausias tikslas – integruoti iš daugybės heterogeninių duomenų bazių ir kitų informacijos šaltinių gautus duomenis. Be to, naudojant sistemą galima sudaryti integruotą sąnaudų indeksą, kuris sudarant sąmatą leidžia įvertinti infliacijos poveikį. Buvo sukurtas dirbtinio neuroninio tinklo modelis, leidžiantis Turkijoje prognozuoti sąnaudų indeksus, kurie galios vykstant projektui. Statybos projektas trunka gana ilgai, taigi vykdant projektą svarbu, kad bendravimas tarp jo dalyvių būtų efektyvus. Buvo sukurta internetinė sistema, padedanti rinkti informaciją apie statybų sąnaudas ir bendrauti tarpusavyje. Pagrindinis internetinės sistemos tikslas – parodyti, kaip, remiantis duomenų kiekiu grindžiamomis internetinėmis duomenų bazėmis, vykdant projektą galima pagerinti komunikaciją. Galutiniai vartotojai duomenų bazę gali pasiekti internetu ir, priklausomai nuo prieigos lygio, atlikti tam tikras operacijas.

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