Effects of nonhost and host plants on insect herbivory covarying with plant size in the cruciferous plant Turritis glabra

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Masumoto ◽  
T. Sunahara ◽  
N. Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Cruciferous Plant

scholarly journals A suite of rare microbes interacts with a dominant, heritable, fungal endophyte to influence plant trait expression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua G. Harrison ◽  
Lyra P. Beltran ◽  
C. Alex Buerkle ◽  
Daniel Cook ◽  
Dale R. Gardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Plant Trait ◽  
Astragalus Lentiginosus ◽  
Plant Phenotype ◽  
Foliar Pathogen ◽  
System Functioning

AbstractEndophytes are microbes that live, for at least a portion of their life history, within plant tissues. Endophyte assemblages are often composed of a few abundant taxa and many infrequently-observed, low-biomass taxa that are, in a word, rare. The ways in which most endophytes affect host phenotype are unknown; however, certain dominant endophytes can influence plants in ecologically meaningful ways–including by affecting growth and immune system functioning. In contrast, the effects of rare endophytes on their hosts have been unexplored, including how rare endophytes might interact with abundant endophytes to shape plant phenotype. Here, we manipulate both the suite of rare foliar endophytes (including both fungi and bacteria) and Alternaria fulva–a vertically-transmitted and usually abundant fungus–within the fabaceous forb Astragalus lentiginosus. We report that rare, low-biomass endophytes affected host size and foliar %N, but only when the heritable fungal endophyte (A. fulva) was not present. A. fulva also reduced plant size and %N, but these deleterious effects on the host could be offset by a negative association we observed between this heritable fungus and a foliar pathogen. These results demonstrate how interactions among endophytic taxa determine the net effects on host plants and suggest that the myriad rare endophytes within plant leaves may be more than a collection of uninfluential, commensal organisms, but instead have meaningful ecological roles.

scholarly journals Linking host plants to damage types in the fossil record of insect herbivory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra R Schachat ◽  
Jonathan L. Payne ◽  
C. Kevin Boyce
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Bipartite Network ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Ecological Literature ◽  
Network Metrics ◽  
Damage Types

Studies of insect herbivory on fossilized leaves tend to focus on a few, relatively simple metrics that are agnostic to the distribution of insect damage types among host plants. More complex metrics that link particular damage types to particular host plants have the potential to address additional ecological questions, but such metrics can be biased by sampling incompleteness due to the difficulty of distinguishing the true absence of a particular interaction from the failure to detect it---a challenge that has been raised in the ecological literature. We evaluate a range of methods for characterizing the relationships between damage types and host plants by performing resampling and subsampling exercises on a variety of datasets. We found that the components of beta diversity provide a more valid, reliable, and interpretable method for comparing component communities than do bipartite network metrics. We found the rarefaction of interactions to be a valid, reliable, and interpretable method for comparing compound communities. Both of these methods avoid the potential pitfalls of multiple comparisons. Lastly, we found that the host specificity of individual damage types is challenging to assess. Whereas some previously used methods are sufficiently biased by sampling incompleteness to be inappropriate for fossil herbivory data, alternatives exist that are perfectly suitable for fossil datasets with sufficient sample coverage.

scholarly journals Museum specimens provide novel insights into changing plant–herbivore interactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1763) ◽  
pp. 20170393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily K. Meineke ◽  
T. Jonathan Davies
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Museum Specimens ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Herbivore Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore

Mounting evidence shows that species interactions may mediate how individual species respond to climate change. However, long-term anthropogenic effects on species interactions are poorly characterized owing to a lack of data. Insect herbivory is a major ecological process that represents the interaction between insect herbivores and their host plants, but historical data on insect damage to plants is particularly sparse. Here, we suggest that museum collections of insects and plants can fill key gaps in our knowledge on changing trophic interactions, including proximate mechanisms and the net outcomes of multiple global change drivers across diverse insect herbivore–plant associations. We outline theory on how global change may affect herbivores and their host plants and highlight the unique data that could be extracted from museum specimens to explore their shifting interactions. We aim to provide a framework for using museum specimens to explore how some of the most diverse co-evolved relationships are responding to climate and land use change. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.

Size structure and seed yield over 4 years in an experimental Cassia marilandica (Leguminosae) population

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1324-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon K. Piper
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Experimental Population ◽  
Relative Growth

An experimental population of a perennial species, Cassia marilandica, was monitored for 4 years to examine changes in size structure and seed production over time. Plants flowered and set seed the 1st year and annually thereafter. Plant size, seed mass per plant, and reproductive effort were highest in the 2nd year but declined thereafter. Over the first 3 years, density remained constant, but plant size and yield varied. By the 4th year, density, size, and seed yield all declined, owing probably to combinations of drought and insect herbivory. Mean distance to nearest neighbors was consistently positively correlated with plant size but with seed mass in the 2nd and 3rd years only. Plant size was positively correlated with seed mass in each year, with reproductive effort in the first 3 years, but with relative growth rate in the last 2 years only. Population size structure and lifetime reproductive output were generally positively skewed. Except for a slight effect from the 1st to the 2nd year, no cost of reproduction, measured as reduced growth, reproduction, or likelihood of survival was seen. Key words: Cassia marilandica, cost of reproduction, density, Leguminosae, nearest neighbor, perennial, population structure, prairie plants, seed mass.

Yellow Brazilian Pepper-tree Leaf Galler (suggested common name) Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt (Insecta: Hemiptera: Calophyidae: Calophyinae)

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Cuda ◽  
Patricia Prade ◽  
Carey R. Minteer-Killian
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Pepper Tree ◽  
Brazilian Pepper ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Tree Leaf

In the late 1970s, Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), was targeted for classical biological control in Florida because its invasive properties (see Host Plants) are consistent with escape from natural enemies (Williams 1954), and there are no native Schinus spp. in North America. The lack of native close relatives should minimize the risk of damage to non-target plants from introduced biological control agents (Pemberton 2000). [...]

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