The central nervous system. Normal development and development anomalies. Ultrasound diagnosis in early pregnancy

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-192
Author(s):  
H.-G. Blaas ◽  
S. H. Eik-Nes
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Ultrasound Diagnosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Development of adrenomedullary function in suckling rats: Effects of high doses of thyroxine and cortisol

1990 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
L. Goya ◽  
C. Aláez ◽  
A. M. Pascual-Leone
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Doses

Abstract. The development of epinephrine, norephinephrine, and total catecholamine secretion in plasma and andrenal glands was studied in newborn rats at short intervals: at day 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 23. The increase in the plasma level of epinephrine represents a maturation of the secretion of the adrenal medulla. The increase in plasma of epinephrine and norepinephrine and the content of catecholamines in the adrenal glands of both normal animals and those treated with either high doses of T4 or cortisol at birth suggest a slowing down of the normal development of epinephrine secretion. This was confirmed by inducing hypoglycemia in these three groups of animals by a 20-h fast or by insulin administration (0.1436 μmol/kg). We conclude that both high doses of T4 and cortisol administered at birth seem to retard the development of the autonomic nervous system similar to the effect on the central nervous system.

Clinical Electroencephalography of Children Vol. II, edited by Peter Kellaway and Ingemar Peterśen. New York/London: Grune & Stratton, Inc., 1968, 332 pp., $16.75

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-786
Author(s):  
Cesare T. Lombroso
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Clinical Neurophysiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject

This book contains twenty papers read in the summer of 1967 at a conference in Gäteborg, Sweden. This was the second symposium within the span of 4 years on the subject of electroencephalognaphy and clinical neurophysiology relating to early life. The holding of the conference is certainly an index of the great surge of interest among pediatricians, neurologists and neurophysiologists in matters pertaining to the normal development of the central nervous system as well as in the pathologic deviations of this system.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-129
Author(s):  
John M. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Predominant Effect

In general, I agree with the comments expressed above. We did not intend to imply that the pattern of neuromotor dysfunction was in any way specific to gestational hyperthermia. What we find provocative about our study is that the timing of gestational hyperthermia in the human, and the defects associated with such hyperthermia, are very similar to the timing and defects which are seen in experimental animals. In fact, the studies by Edwards (cited in our paper) would appear to suggest that the predominant effect of prolonged hyperthermia during early pregnancy is on the central nervous system.

scholarly journals nanos1: a mouse nanos gene expressed in the central nervous system is dispensable for normal development

2003 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiki Haraguchi ◽  
Masayuki Tsuda ◽  
Satoshi Kitajima ◽  
Yumiko Sasaoka ◽  
Aya Nomura-Kitabayashid, ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals CNS macrophages differentially rely on an intronic Csf1r enhancer for their development

Development ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (23) ◽  
pp. dev194449
Author(s):  
David A. D. Munro ◽  
Barry M. Bradford ◽  
Samanta A. Mariani ◽  
David W. Hampton ◽  
Chris S. Vink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Macrophage Populations ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTThe central nervous system hosts parenchymal macrophages, known as microglia, and non-parenchymal macrophages, collectively termed border-associated macrophages (BAMs). Microglia, but not BAMs, were reported to be absent in mice lacking a conserved Csf1r enhancer: the fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE). However, it is unknown whether FIRE deficiency also impacts BAM arrival and/or maintenance. Here, we show that macrophages in the ventricular system of the brain, including Kolmer's epiplexus macrophages, are absent in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice. Stromal choroid plexus BAMs are also considerably reduced. During normal development, we demonstrate that intracerebroventricular macrophages arrive from embryonic day 10.5, and can traverse ventricular walls in embryonic slice cultures. In Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE embryos, the arrival of both primitive microglia and intracerebroventricular macrophages was eliminated, whereas the arrival of cephalic mesenchyme and stromal choroid plexus BAMs was only partially restricted. Our results provide new insights into the development and regulation of different CNS macrophage populations.

The role of exogenous heart-RNA in development of the chick embryo cultivated in vitro

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
M. C. Niu ◽  
L. Mulherkar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chick Blastoderm ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Heart Formation

The physiological effect of fresh calf heart-RNA was studied on the explanted chick blastoderm at the definitive streak stage. It was found that heart-RNA interferes with normal development of the central nervous system, especially forebrain, and of the body axis, but not with normal development of the heart. To analyse this effect further, the untreated and RNA-treated fragments of the antero-lateral blastoderm were investigated by intrablastodermal transplant and in vitro. Approximately 50% of the treated grafts transplanted intrablastodermally developed into heart, but none of the controls. In vitro formation of the heart-like structure was found in 45% of the heart-RNA-treated series as opposed to 20% of the PC saline controls and none of the liver-RNA series. When theexplants of the presumptive forebrain were treated with heart-RNA and cultured in isolation in vitro, 11% developed into brain vesicle compared with 76% of the controls. It appears, therefore, that heart-RNA has somehow collaborated with the macromolecules responsible for heart formation but interfered with those responsible for the development of the central nervous system.

Axial mesendoderm refines rostrocaudal pattern in the chick nervous system

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (13) ◽  
pp. 2921-2934 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Rowan ◽  
C.D. Stern ◽  
K.G. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Large Panel ◽  
The Central Nervous System

There has long been controversy concerning the role of the axial mesoderm in the induction and rostrocaudal patterning of the vertebrate nervous system. Here we investigate the neural inducing and regionalising properties of defined rostrocaudal regions of head process/prospective notochord in the chick embryo by juxtaposing these tissues with extraembryonic epiblast or neural plate explants. We localise neural inducing signals to the emerging head process and using a large panel of region-specific neural markers, show that different rostrocaudal levels of the head process derived from headfold stage embryos can induce discrete regions of the central nervous system. However, we also find that rostral and caudal head process do not induce expression of any of these molecular markers in explants of the neural plate. During normal development the head process emerges beneath previously induced neural plate, which we show has already acquired some rostrocaudal character. Our findings therefore indicate that discrete regions of axial mesendoderm at headfold stages are not normally responsible for the establishment of rostrocaudal pattern in the neural plate. Strikingly however, we do find that caudal head process inhibits expression of rostral genes in neural plate explants. These findings indicate that despite the ability to induce specific rostrocaudal regions of the CNS de novo, signals provided by the discrete regions of axial mesendoderm do not appear to establish regional differences, but rather refine the rostrocaudal character of overlying neuroepithelium.

Metoclopramide - how does it work?

1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 82-83
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Oesophageal Sphincter ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Oculogyric Crisis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Radiological Studies

Metoclopramide (Maxolon; Primperan) which we last discussed in 19721 is widely used to treat heartburn and flatulent dyspepsia, and to facilitate intubation and radiological studies of the upper intestine. It is believed to help by increasing the pressure in the lower oesophageal sphincter and the rate of gastric emptying. It is also valuable in the management of nausea and vomiting due to drugs (including premedicants and anaesthetics), motion sickness, gastrointestinal disorders, and after radiotherapy. Unwanted effects mainly involve the central nervous system and include athetosis, dyskinesias, dystonia, oculogyric crisis and drowsiness. Metoclopramide can cause hyperprolactinaemia and this may occasionally result in galactorrhoea and impotence. The manufacturers advise against its use in early pregnancy.

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