scholarly journals Single-term divisible electronic coins

1995 ◽  
pp. 306-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Eng ◽  
Tatsuaki Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Single Term

TEISMINIŲ DOKUMENTŲ ĮVARDIJIMAI TREČIAJAME LIETUVOS STATUTE IR JŲ RAIDOS BRUOŽAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018/2 ◽  
pp. 31-53
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Open Letter ◽  
Power Of Attorney ◽  
The Third ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Single Term ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Judicial Procedures ◽  
Early 18Th Century

DESIGNATION OF JUDICIAL DOCUMENTS IN THE THIRD STATUTE OF LITHUANIA AND THE ATTRIBUTES OF THEIR EVOLUTION ADAM STANKEVIČ The author of the article analyses the designation of documents drawn up and issued by the court, their conception, field of application, and place in the court procedure as presented in the Third Statute of Lithuania (TSL). In addition, an attempt is made to exhibit the changes that such documents and their designations underwent in later centuries (until the end of the 18th c.) by means of the example of the Lithuanian Tribunal. The research revealed that documents which in the sources from different periods were referred to by the same name meant different things or were simultaneously attributed several meanings. In the 17th-18th century, only part of the terms featured in the Third Statute of Lithuania were used in the judicial practice of the Lithuanian Tribunal, and with time some of them were replaced with other terms. Several terms denoting summonses (pozew, mandat, zakaz) can be identified in the TSL, and all of them were in use until the very end of the 18th century. However, a single term – dekret / decretum – was used to designate the judgement (actually, for some time there was a differentiation between the court judgement and its procedural summary, but later the generalized term for the judgement prevailed). A number of documents in the TSL are referred to as the “open letter”, however, later some of them acquired specialised names (e.g. the power of attorney). With time, there were certain changes in the context in which some of the terms were used (e.g. the term “cedule” which in the 18th century was already consistently used exceptionally in a particular situation, namely when a litigant refused to obey the order of the court and informed in writing a judicial officer of such refusal) or the terms themselves underwent certain changes (in the 18th century the term membran was substituted with the term blankiet). Part of the judicial documents mentioned in the TSL disappeared in the long run or there was a certain decrease in their significance (this is true of the reminder and adjournment documents as well as glejt (protection letter)). The examples above suggest that the Lithuanian Tribunal would sometimes issue reminders and guarantee documents, though legal acts did not explicitly provide for that. The TSL offered a number of terms hardly related with the investigation of a case, therefore in the early 18th century, with the improvement of judicial procedures, they underwent rapid changes. The procedure of the implementation of a court ruling, which underwent significant changes, is accountable for the introduction of new terms, for example, with time several terms pertaining to the notification of the litigants were used simultaneously (obwieszczenie, innotescencyja, list tradycyjny). Most probably due to the unification processes observed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century, a number of Latin origin terms were introduced in the judicial practice of the GDL, e.g. cytacyja, decyzyja, innotestencyja, plenipotencyja, obdukcyja, wizyja, inkwizycyja, weryfikacyja, kalkulacyja, tradycyja (all of them had been used in Poland but were not featured in the TSL).

Definition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Camper
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Single Term ◽  
Supreme Court Case

Chapter 3 explores the interpretive stasis of definition, where there is a question concerning the intended or appropriate scope of the basic sense of a term in a text. The chapter shows how rhetors, by persuasively articulating a definition and resorting to various lines of argument, can shift the meaning of passages and reframe controversies hinging on a text’s interpretation by adjusting the scope of a single term. But only linchpin terms (similar to Burke’s and Weaver’s ultimate terms) have this governing quality. The chapter’s central example consists of oral arguments from the 2010 Supreme Court case McDonald v. City of Chicago that ultimately determined US citizens have a fundamental right to bear arms. The case partly rested on whether the Fourteenth Amendment’s phrase privileges or immunities, generally protected from state infringement, includes this right within its scope. The centrality of definitional disputes to legal interpretation is also considered.

How Should We Talk About Climate Change and Migration?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Flexible Approach ◽  
Single Term ◽  
And Migration

Abstract This paper is a response Ferris (2020), specifically to the call for coalescence around a single term by which to talk about people migrating in response to climate change. While sympathetic to the imperative behind Ferris’ (2020) call, my overall argument is to reject this proposal. Instead I argue for less of focus on what we call people migrating in response to climate change, and more of a focus on how we talk about them. To justify this, I argue that a single term is inherently reductive and likely to play upon anti-immigrant sentiment due to the need to portray ‘migration as a problem’. At best this will result in a policy focus with limited capacity to address the challenge of migration in a context of climate change. At worst it will drive a policy response that is overtly counter-productive. As an alternative, I propose embracing a multitude of discourses, informed by principals that I argue will drive a humane climate agenda, and allow for a flexible approach that can account for the variety of concerns at the nexus of climate change and human migration.

Analysis of bilinear systems via single-term Walsh series

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. PALANlSAMY ◽  
V. P. ARUNACHALAM
Keyword(s):  
Bilinear Systems ◽  
Walsh Series ◽  
Single Term

Torsion of Noncylindrical Shafts of Circular Cross Section

1950 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-282
Author(s):  
H. J. Reissner ◽  
G. J. Wennagel
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Inverse Method ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Circular Cross Section ◽  
Theory Of Elasticity ◽  
Elementary Functions ◽  
Single Term ◽  
Circumferential Displacement ◽  
Basic Differential Equation ◽  
Technical Interest

Abstract The theory of torsion of noncylindrical bodies of revolution, initiated by J. H. Michell and A. Föppl, is stated by a basic differential equation of the circumferential displacement and by a boundary condition of the shear stress along the generator surface. The solution of these two equations by the “direct” method of first assuming the boundary shape has not lent itself to closed solutions in terms of elementary functions, so that only approximation, infinite series, and experimental methods have been applied. A semi-inverse method analogous to Saint Venant’s semi-inverse method for cylindrical bodies has the disadvantage of the restriction to special boundary shapes but the advantage of exact solutions by means of elementary functions. By this method, bodies of conical, ellipsoidal, and hyperbolic boundary shapes have been obtained in a simple analysis. One class of integrals leading to other boundary shapes seems not to have been analyzed up to now, namely, the integrals in the form of a product of two functions of, respectively, axial (z) and radial (r) co-ordinates. A first suggestion of this possibility was given in Love’s treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity. In the present paper, the classes of boundary shapes, displacements, and stress distributions are investigated analytically and numerically. The extent of the numerical investigation contains only the results of single-term integrals for full and hollow cross sections of technical interest. The detailed analysis of the boundary shapes, following from series integrals, presents essential mathematical obstacles. Overcoming these difficulties might lead to a multitude of solutions of interesting boundary shapes, and stress and strain distribution.

Problems Of Metabolic Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (06) ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
Maksuda Ahmedjanovna Karimova ◽  
◽  
Dilnoza Kakhramanovna Kurbanbaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Syndrome X ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
The Third ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
Single Term ◽  
Life Threatening

At the beginning of the third millennium, for mankind, which overcame the epidemic of life-threatening infections during its centuries-old history, the problem of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) came to the fore in relevance among all causes of morbidity and mortality. A significant role in this was played by lifestyle modification associated with limiting physical activity, increasing the calorie content of food, and a steady increase in emotional stress. All of this potentiates the main risk factors for CVD, which are a “negative asset of progress,” namely increased blood pressure (BP), dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. Since 1988, after G. Reaven's Banting lecture, it is customary to designate the interconnected combination of these pathologies by the single term "metabolic syndrome X".

On the valuation of life contingencies by means of tables of single and joint lives

1853 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-215
Author(s):  
Charles James Hargreave
Keyword(s):  
Single Term ◽  
Valuation Of Life

Let a1, a2 . . an be the reciprocals of the roots of the expression 1 − s1x+s2x2 − . . ±sn−1xn−1∓snxn, which call ϕx. We have then ϕx = (1 −a1x) (1 −a2x) . . . (1 −anx), from which the following series of values may be readily deduced, the Σ implying the sum of all the instances of the form placed under it, so that each expression is a symmetrical function of a1, a2 . . an.The sign is positive when p is even, and negative when p is odd. A single term of the pth expression contains p factors of the form a, and n–p factors of the form 1 – a; and the expression itself is the sum of every term which can be so constructed.

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