scholarly journals An abstract notion of application

Author(s):  
Pietro Di Gianantonio ◽  
Furio Honsell
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Maria Ulan ◽  
Welf Löwe ◽  
Morgan Ericsson ◽  
Anna Wingkvist

AbstractA quality model is a conceptual decomposition of an abstract notion of quality into relevant, possibly conflicting characteristics and further into measurable metrics. For quality assessment and decision making, metrics values are aggregated to characteristics and ultimately to quality scores. Aggregation has often been problematic as quality models do not provide the semantics of aggregation. This makes it hard to formally reason about metrics, characteristics, and quality. We argue that aggregation needs to be interpretable and mathematically well defined in order to assess, to compare, and to improve quality. To address this challenge, we propose a probabilistic approach to aggregation and define quality scores based on joint distributions of absolute metrics values. To evaluate the proposed approach and its implementation under realistic conditions, we conduct empirical studies on bug prediction of ca. 5000 software classes, maintainability of ca. 15000 open-source software systems, and on the information quality of ca. 100000 real-world technical documents. We found that our approach is feasible, accurate, and scalable in performance.


Author(s):  
Annabelle Lukin

AbstractWithin the framework of Halliday's text and context relations, with key extensions of this model by Hasan, this paper presents an analysis of a TV news report by Australia's public broadcaster (the ABC) concerning the 2003 “Coalition” invasion of Iraq, in order to present a thesis about the context-construing work done by the register (i.e., functional variety) known as “news.” Sociologists have argued that news is a symbolic commodity, in the business of purveying forms of consciousness. How does news do this? And what, more specifically, can be said about the social process which news texts realize? This paper considers these questions, drawing on the analysis of the texture of the ABC TV news report, based on Hasan's “cohesive harmony” schema. The findings from the analysis are the basis on which I argue the news item relied for its continuity on the derived and abstract notion of “the Iraq war,” while failing to present a coherent picture of the actualized violence perpetrated by the “Coalition” as it rolled out its invasion of Iraq.


2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 337-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS NITSCHE

Data distributions are an abstract notion for describing parallel programs by means of overlapping data structures. A generic data distribution layer serves as a basis for implementing specific data distributions over arbitrary algebraic data types and arrays as well as generic skeletons. The necessary communication operations for exchanging overlapping data elements are derived automatically from the specification of the overlappings. This paper describes how the communication operations used internally by the generic skeletons are derived, especially for the asynchronous and synchronous communication scheduling. As a case study, we discuss the iterative solution of PDEs and compare a hand-coded MPI version with a skeletal one based on overlapping data distributions.


Sapere Aude ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 250-273
Author(s):  
Émerson Pirola

Um debate de longa data no interior do marxismo é o entre perspectivas que tenderiam para uma leitura da obra marxiana centrada nas análises sobre a constituição de sujeitos políticos de e em luta, na constituição de uma classe social revolucionária que enfrente a exploração capitalista, e perspectivas centradas nas transformações do capitalismo ou nas dinâmicas estruturais da economia. Podemos dizer, esquematicamente, que as primeiras perspectivas são “subjetivistas” e as segundas “objetivistas”. Nos anos 1960 esse debate se viu determinado pela chamada polêmica do anti-humanismo, lançada por Louis Althusser contra o marxismo por ele criticado como humanista, visto que advogaria por uma noção de Sujeito idealista e abstrata, descolada dos processos estruturais da economia política capitalista. Antonio Negri, por sua vez, deu e dá grande importância para a noção de subjetividade na análise crítica e enfrentamento do capitalismo. Negri, entretanto, não ignora as críticas efetuadas por Althusser ao chamado humanismo, tomando-as como pré-requisito para o desenvolvimento original de sua teoria. Mostramos, portanto, como Althusser desenvolve suas críticas do Sujeito e do humanismo para então desenvolver as posições de Negri diante destas, a construção de sua própria teoria da subjetividade, resgatada do Marx dos Grundrisse, e apontar as limitações do pensamento althusseriano no que concerne à subjetividade.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sujeito. Anti-humanismo. Subjetividade. Negri. Althusser. ABSTRACTA long-standing debate within Marxism is the one between perspectives that would tend towards a reading of the Marxian work centered on analyzes of the constitution of political subjects in and in class struggle, the constitution of a revolutionary social class facing capitalist exploitation, and perspectives centered on the transformations of capitalism or the structural dynamics of the economy in general. We can say, schematically, that the first perspective are "subjectivist" and the second one "objectivist". In the 1960s this debate was determined by Louis Althusser's so-called polemic of anti-humanism, in which he criticized certain Marxism as an humanism, since it would advocate for an idealist and abstract notion of subject detached from the structural processes of capitalist political economy. Antonio Negri, in turn, gave and gives great importance to the notion of subjectivity in the dynamics and confrontation of capitalism. Negri, however, does not ignore the criticisms made by Althusser of the humanism, taking them as a prerequisite for the original development of his theory. We thus show how Althusser develops his criticisms of the Subject and humanism to develop Negri's positions for and against them, the construction of his own theory of subjectivity, rescued from Marx’s Grundrisse, and we point out the limitations of Althusser's thought as regards subjectivity.KEYWORDS: Subject. Antihumanism. Subjeticvity. Negri. Althusser.


2020 ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Vadym Chuiko ◽  
Valerii Atamanchuk-Angel

Almost all philosophy about the state system has concentrated on the authorities. Any function of the state can be represented as a superposition of the functions of violence / coercion. Ultimately, the state appears to be a kind of plurality of subjects with a definite crater power / coercion / violence operation on it. The algebra of trust on the multiplicity of owners of themselves, endowed with free future, is each of them is only a part of nature, еру carrier of the part of the general human culture, and for their completeness, they have and understand the need for the Other. This is the philosophy of solving political, environmental, and climate challenges not through violent / voluntaristic methods, but by the recognition of sovereign rights and the search for ways to achieve sustainable development. Any cracy / power / coercion / violence must be separated from the models of society, the state. Public agreement is not an agreement with the abstract notion of the state, but an agreement with definite elected people who have gained the trust of those to whom they temporarily render their services. Contract is temporary, limited by period, with obligatory full responsibility of the parties. Scientific novelty. For more than two thousand years, long before Aristotle and Plato, European philosophical thought, reflecting on the structure of society, wanders in the labyrinths of kratia. Modern achievements of mathematics provide an opportunity to build ideal political objects, and a direct product of material and ideal government building. (Example of a trust algebra [4].)


Author(s):  
Corey D. Fields

This chapter focuses on African American Republicans who can be labeled as “color-blind” because their strategy for linking black identity to Republican politics involves de-emphasizing the role of race in black people's lives. These African American Republicans see themselves as linked to a broader black community, but they reject identity politics as the pathway to racial uplift. They endorse Republican social policy as part of a commitment to an abstract notion of conservative politics, not because the policies are good for black people. Indeed, for race-blind African American Republicans, the best thing for blacks is to abandon race-based identity politics.


Author(s):  
Xiaolin Wu ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Xiao Shu

Subitizing, or the sense of small natural numbers, is an innate cognitive function of humans and primates; it responds to visual stimuli prior to the development of any symbolic skills, language or arithmetic. Given successes of deep learning (DL) in tasks of visual intelligence and given the primitivity of number sense, a tantalizing question is whether DL can comprehend numbers and perform subitizing. But somewhat disappointingly, extensive experiments of the type of cognitive psychology demonstrate that the examples-driven black box DL cannot see through superficial variations in visual representations and distill the abstract notion of natural number, a task that children perform with high accuracy and confidence. The failure is apparently due to the learning method not the CNN computational machinery itself. A recurrent neural network capable of subitizing does exist, which we construct by encoding a mechanism of mathematical morphology into the CNN convolutional kernels. Also, we investigate, using subitizing as a test bed, the ways to aid the black box DL by cognitive priors derived from human insight. Our findings are mixed and interesting, pointing to both cognitive deficit of pure DL, and some measured successes of boosting DL by predetermined cognitive implements. This case study of DL in cognitive computing is meaningful for visual numerosity represents a minimum level of human intelligence.


Author(s):  
Tarek Ben Mena ◽  
Narjès Bellamine-Ben Saoud ◽  
Mohamed Ben Ahmed ◽  
Bernard Pavard

This chapter aims to define context notion for multi-agent systems (MAS). Starting from the state of the art on context in different disciplines, we present context as a generic and abstract notion. We argue that context depends on three characteristics: domain, entity, and problem. By specifying this definition with MAS, we initially consider context from an extensional point of view as three components—actant, role, and situation—and then from an intensional one, which represents the context model for agents in MAS which consist of information on environment, other objects, agents, and relations between them. Therefore, we underline a new way of representing agent knowledge, building context on this knowledge, and using it. Furthermore, we prove the applicability of contextual agent solution for other research fields, particularly in personalized information retrieval by taking into account as agents: crawlers and as objects: documents.


1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Raftopoulos

AbstractSovereignty is a concept of international public interest. In the case of the Imia Rocks, the public interest nature of territorial sovereignty may be found in the undisputed treaty delimitation of the archipelagic entity of the Dodecanese Islands between Italy and Turkey, 1932, and the Peace Treaty of Paris, 1947. Turkey's subsequent conduct, its signature without reservation of the Helsinki Final Act and its claim for the bilateralisation of the Aegean Sea Dispute Agenda on the basis of a geo-political equity are all evidence of the acceptance of the delimitation regime of the Aegean Sea. The public interest regime of the LOS Convention makes questionable Turkey's recourse to the abstract notion of a "semi-enclosed" sea and provides the basis for understanding the pragmatic dimension of the Imia Rocks crisis in the light of the protection and promotion of international common interest.


2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-306
Author(s):  
Gea Smit

In the New Testament, the belief that the last judgment would arrive soon was paired with an ethical appeal to change one’s attitude or way of life. However, with the expectation of an imminent judgment fading, this connection weakened. This paper investigates whether the existential theology of Rudolf Bultmann offers an inter-pretation that manages to actualise belief in a last judgment for the present day. Bultmann interprets the core meaning of judgment to be that God, with the coming of Jesus Christ into the world, opens the possibility for a new form of true existence for every individual who submits to it. This conception indeed implies an existential importance of the belief in an eschatological judgment for human life in the present. However, a more exact interpretation of the rather abstract notion of this form of true existence seems hard to describe and therefore leaves the question somewhat open.


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