Accumulation of organic carbon in (anoxic) marginal seas: I. The Mediterranean sea (DSDP-Leg 42 and ODP-Leg 107)

2005 ◽  
pp. 144-151
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The Mediterranean

scholarly journals Optical Properties and Biochemical Indices of Marine Particles in the Open Mediterranean Sea: The R/V Maria S. Merian Cruise, March 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyros Chaikalis ◽  
Constantine Parinos ◽  
Jürgen Möbius ◽  
Alexandra Gogou ◽  
Dimitris Velaoras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Beam Attenuation ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
Beam Attenuation Coefficient

A rich data set on particulate matter optical properties and parameters (beam attenuation coefficient, volume concentration, particle size and PSD slope), accompanied by measurements of biochemical indices (particulate organic carbon, particulate nitrogen and their stable isotopic composition) was obtained from the surface to deep waters across the Mediterranean Sea, in March-April 2018. A decrease of beam attenuation coefficients, total particle volume concentrations, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations was noted towards the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) in comparison to the western Mediterranean Sea (WMed). LISST-derived optical properties were significantly correlated with water mass characteristics. Overall, the most turbid water mass identified in the Mediterranean Sea was the Surface Atlantic water (AW), and the most transparent was the Transitional Mediterranean Water (TMW) in the Cretan Sea, whereas a general decrease in particulate matter concentration is observed from the WMed towards the EMed. Relatively depleted δ13C-POC values in the particle pool of the open Mediterranean Sea can be attributed to contribution from terrestrial inputs, mainly via atmospheric deposition. Throughout the entire water column, a significant positive correlation between particle beam attenuation coefficient and particulate organic carbon concentration is observed in the open Mediterranean Sea. Such relationship suggests the predominance of organic particles with biogenic origin. POC concentration and particle median diameter D50 are significantly and negatively correlated both in the WMed and the EMed Sea, confirming that small particles are POC-rich. At depth, a prominent decrease of most measured parameters was observed, with the exception of particle median diameter that increased substantially in the EMed towards the deep sea, suggesting potentially enhanced aggregation processes. The low particle size distribution slope ξ observed in the EMed, corresponding to larger particle populations, supports the above notion. Basin-wide Rayleigh-type isotopic fractionation in vertical profiles of δ15N-PN across the Mediterranean Sea, underlines the differences in the trophic characters of the two sub-basins and highlights the role of circulation changes on biogeochemical parameters and the redistribution of particulate matter as a source of nutrients in the water column.

scholarly journals New insights into the organic carbon export in the Mediterranean Sea from 3-D modeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 7025-7046 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Guyennon ◽  
M. Baklouti ◽  
F. Diaz ◽  
J. Palmieri ◽  
J. Beuvier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Phosphate Limitation ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
Western Basin ◽  
Eastern Basin ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most oligotrophic regions of the oceans, and nutrients have been shown to limit both phytoplankton and bacterial activities, resulting in a potential major role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export in the biological pump. Strong DOC accumulation in surface waters is already well documented, though measurements of DOC stocks and export flux are still sparse and associated with major uncertainties. This study provides the first basin-scale overview and analysis of organic carbon stocks and export fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea through a modeling approach based on a coupled model combining a mechanistic biogeochemical model (Eco3M-MED) and a high-resolution (eddy-resolving) hydrodynamic simulation (NEMO-MED12). The model is shown to reproduce the main spatial and seasonal biogeochemical characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea. Model estimations of carbon export are also of the same order of magnitude as estimations from in situ observations, and their respective spatial patterns are mutually consistent. Strong differences between the western and eastern basins are evidenced by the model for organic carbon export. Though less oligotrophic than the eastern basin, the western basin only supports 39 % of organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) export. Another major result is that except for the Alboran Sea, the DOC contribution to organic carbon export is higher than that of particulate organic carbon (POC) throughout the Mediterranean Sea, especially in the eastern basin. This paper also investigates the seasonality of DOC and POC exports as well as the differences in the processes involved in DOC and POC exports in light of intracellular quotas. Finally, according to the model, strong phosphate limitation of both bacteria and phytoplankton growth is one of the main drivers of DOC accumulation and therefore of export.

Vertical distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean Sea

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 205-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Santinelli ◽  
BB Manca ◽  
GP Gasparini ◽  
L Nannicini ◽  
A Seritti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
The Mediterranean

scholarly journals Organic carbon dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea: An integrated study

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Santinelli ◽  
Richard Sempéré ◽  
France Van Wambeke ◽  
Bruno Charriere ◽  
Alfredo Seritti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Integrated Study

DOM DYNAMICS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. Can a new fluorescence SENSOR contribute to its understanding?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Retelletti Brogi ◽  
Marta Furia ◽  
Giancarlo Bachi ◽  
Vanessa Cardin ◽  
Giuseppe Civitarese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Fluorescence Sensor ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
The Mediterranean

<p>The Mediterranean Sea (Med Sea) can be considered as a natural laboratory for the study of dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics. Despite its small size, it is characterized by the same physical processes and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and distribution as the global ocean. The Med Sea deep water DOC pool is however older than the Atlantic one and differences in the microbial loop and in DOM dynamics have been observed between the eastern (EMED) and western (WMED) basins. Fluorescence is a fast, cheap and highly sensitive tool to study DOM dynamics, it can therefor give useful information about the main processes affecting DOM distribution.</p><p>The main aims of this study were: (i) to investigate DOM dynamics in both Med Sea basins, in relation to the physical processes (e.g. vertical stratification, irradiation); and (ii) to validate the use of a new fluorescence sensor, developed in the framework of the SENSOR project (POR FESR, Tuscany Region), for the rapid, in-situ measurements of open-sea fluorescent DOM (FDOM). DOM dynamics was investigated by measuring dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the fluorescence of FDOM. Samples were collected from surface to bottom in 26 stations during the trans-Mediterranean cruise “MSM72”, carried out on board the R/V MARIA S.MERIAN (Institut für Meereskunde der Universität Hamburg). The stations cover both the EMED and the WMED, from Gibraltar to the Crete Island.</p><p>Six fluorescent components were identified by applying the parallel factorial analysis (PARAFAC) to the measured excitation-emission matrices (EEMs). Two components were identified as marine humic-like, two as terrestrial humic-like, one as protein-like and one as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-like (PAH-like).</p><p>Temperature and salinity increased moving from the WMED to the EMED. A surface minimum in salinity, was observed in the WMED, indicating the occurrence of the Atlantic Water (AW), whereas the presence of the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) was observed south of Crete. The vertical distribution of both DOC and humic-like FDOM was strongly affected by the water masses circulation and water column stratification. In the upper 200 m, DOC markedly increased from 50 to 80 μM moving eastward, likewise the protein-like component dominates the upper layer and increased moving from Gibraltar to Crete. In contrast, the humic-like components showed a minimum in the surface layer, and a decreasing moving eastward, probably due to photobleaching. The PAH-like component showed its maximum in correspondence with the areas characterized by intensive naval traffic. The accumulation of DOC, observed in the EMED, could be explained by a change in DOM quality, supported by the differences in FDOM.</p><p>In 2 selected stations, the fluorescence of humic-like and protein-like compounds was also measured along the water column by using the new fluorescence sensor and compared with PARAFAC results, in order to evaluate its performance for open sea waters.</p>

scholarly journals New insights into the organic carbon export in the Mediterranean Sea from 3-D modeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 6147-6213
Author(s):  
A. Guyennon ◽  
M. Baklouti ◽  
F. Diaz ◽  
J. Palmieri ◽  
J. Beuvier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
Western Basin ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most oligotrophic regions of the oceans, and nutrients have been shown to limit both phytoplankton and bacterial activities. This has direct implications on the stock of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), whose high variability has already been well-documented even if measurements are still sparse and are associated with important uncertainties. We here propose a Mediterranean Basin-scale view of the export of organic carbon, under its dissolved and particulate forms. For this purpose, we have used a coupled model combining a mechanistic biogeochemical model (Eco3M-MED) and a high-resolution (eddy-resolving) hydrodynamic simulation (NEMO-MED12). This is the first Basin-scale application of the biogeochemical model Eco3M-MED and is shown to reproduce the main spatial and seasonal biogeochemical characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea. Model estimations of carbon export are of the same order of magnitude as estimations from in situ observations, and their respective spatial patterns are consistent with each other. As for surface chlorophyll, nutrient concentrations, and productivity, strong differences between the Western and Eastern Basins are evidenced by the model for organic carbon export, with only 39% of organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) export taking place in the Western Basin. The major result is that except for the Alboran Sea, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contribution to organic carbon export is higher than that of particulate (POC) in the whole Basin, especially in the Eastern Basin. This paper also investigates the seasonality of DOC and POC exports as well as the differences in the processes involved in DOC and POC exports.

scholarly journals A two-component parameterization of marine ice-nucleating particles based on seawater biology and sea spray aerosol measurements in the Mediterranean Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 4659-4676
Author(s):  
Jonathan V. Trueblood ◽  
Alessia Nicosia ◽  
Anja Engel ◽  
Birthe Zäncker ◽  
Matteo Rinaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Two Component ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have a large impact on the climate-relevant properties of clouds over the oceans. Studies have shown that sea spray aerosols (SSAs), produced upon bursting of bubbles at the ocean surface, can be an important source of marine INPs, particularly during periods of enhanced biological productivity. Recent mesocosm experiments using natural seawater spiked with nutrients have revealed that marine INPs are derived from two separate classes of organic matter in SSAs. Despite this finding, existing parameterizations for marine INP abundance are based solely on single variables such as SSA organic carbon (OC) or SSA surface area, which may mask specific trends in the separate classes of INP. The goal of this paper is to improve the understanding of the connection between ocean biology and marine INP abundance by reporting results from a field study and proposing a new parameterization of marine INPs that accounts for the two associated classes of organic matter. The PEACETIME cruise took place from 10 May to 10 June 2017 in the Mediterranean Sea. Throughout the cruise, INP concentrations in the surface microlayer (INPSML) and in SSAs (INPSSA) produced using a plunging aquarium apparatus were continuously monitored while surface seawater (SSW) and SML biological properties were measured in parallel. The organic content of artificially generated SSAs was also evaluated. INPSML concentrations were found to be lower than those reported in the literature, presumably due to the oligotrophic nature of the Mediterranean Sea. A dust wet deposition event that occurred during the cruise increased the INP concentrations measured in the SML by an order of magnitude, in line with increases in iron in the SML and bacterial abundances. Increases in INPSSA were not observed until after a delay of 3 days compared to increases in the SML and are likely a result of a strong influence of bulk SSW INPs for the temperatures investigated (T=-18 ∘C for SSAs, T=-15 ∘C for SSW). Results confirmed that INPSSA are divided into two classes depending on their associated organic matter. Here we find that warm (T≥-22 ∘C) INPSSA concentrations are correlated with water-soluble organic matter (WSOC) in the SSAs, but also with SSW parameters (particulate organic carbon, POCSSW and INPSSW,-16C) while cold INPSSA (T<-22 ∘C) are correlated with SSA water-insoluble organic carbon (WIOC) and SML dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. A relationship was also found between cold INPSSA and SSW nano- and microphytoplankton cell abundances, indicating that these species might be a source of water-insoluble organic matter with surfactant properties and specific IN activities. Guided by these results, we formulated and tested multiple parameterizations for the abundance of INPs in marine SSAs, including a single-component model based on POCSSW and a two-component model based on SSA WIOC and OC. We also altered a previous model based on OCSSA content to account for oligotrophy of the Mediterranean Sea. We then compared this formulation with the previous models. This new parameterization should improve attempts to incorporate marine INP emissions into numerical models.

scholarly journals Climatological variations of total alkalinity and total inorganic carbon in the Mediterranean Sea surface waters

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1499-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gemayel ◽  
A. E. R. Hassoun ◽  
M. A. Benallal ◽  
C. Goyet ◽  
P. Rivaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Eastern Basin ◽  
Marginal Seas ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. A compilation of several cruises data from 1998 to 2013 was used to derive polynomial fits that estimate total alkalinity (AT) and total inorganic carbon (CT) from measurements of salinity and temperature in the Mediterranean Sea surface waters. The optimal equations were chosen based on the 10-fold cross validation results and revealed that a second and third order polynomials fit the AT and CT data respectively. The AT surface fit showed an improved root mean square error (RMSE) of ±10.6 μmol kg−1. Furthermore we present the first annual mean CT parameterization for the Mediterranean Sea surface waters with a RMSE of ±14.3 μmol kg−1. Excluding the marginal seas of the Adriatic and the Aegean, these equations can be used to estimate AT and CT in case of the lack of measurements. The seven years averages (2005–2012) mapped using the quarter degree climatologies of the World Ocean Atlas 2013 showed that in surface waters AT and CT have similar patterns with an increasing eastward gradient. The surface variability is influenced by the inflow of cold Atlantic waters through the Strait of Gibraltar and by the oligotrophic and thermohaline gradient that characterize the Mediterranean Sea. The summer-winter seasonality was also mapped and showed different patterns for AT and CT. During the winter, the AT and CT concentrations were higher in the western than in the eastern basin, primarily due to the deepening of the mixed layer and upwelling of dense waters. The opposite was observed in the summer where the eastern basin was marked by higher AT and CT concentrations than in winter. The strong evaporation that takes place in this season along with the ultra-oligotrophy of the eastern basin determines the increase of both AT and CT concentrations.

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