Influence of phosphate supply on aluminium toxicity in cereal species

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferenc Zsoldos ◽  
Ágnes Vashegyi ◽  
Attila Pécsváradi ◽  
Lajos Bona
Keyword(s):  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Phosphate Supply

Soil acidity and growth of a legume. II. Reactions of aluminium and phosphate in solution and effects of alumminium, phosphate, calcium, and pH on Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium subterraneum, in solution culture

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
DN Munns
Keyword(s):  
Root Elongation ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Phosphate Supply ◽  
Toxic Concentrations

Lucerne (M. sativa L.) grew as well in solutions maintained at pH 4 as at pH 5, and its growth at pH 4 was little affected by calcium concentrations above 5 mM when aluminium was not added (< 0. l µM). Phosphate concentrations above l µM were adequate for growth if maintained, and if phosphate was kept below 5 0 µM at pH 4 or below 10 µM at pH 4.5, then aluminium concentrations of the order of 100 µM could be maintained without evident reaction between aluminium and phosphate in solution. Under these conditions, uncomplicated by precipitation or phosphate deficiency in the nutrient solution, aluminium toxicity depressed yields, root elongation, and calcium and phosphate concentrations in shoots and roots, and it made the shoots look phosphate-deficient ; but it could not be remedied by increasing phosphate supply even when this restored plant phosphate to high levels. Only where addition of phosphate caused aluminium to precipitate in the solution did it alleviate the toxicity. Increasing the calcium concentration from 1 mM to 5 mM slightly alleviated the effects of aluminium, except at highly toxic concentrations. T. subterraneum took up more aluminium than lucerne, but tolerated aluminium in the medium better. Adding ethylenediaminetetra-acetate to solutions containing 200 µM aluminium concentrations improved the growth of both species to the extent that concentrations of free aluminium were reduced by chelation.

scholarly journals Development and validation of a method for quantification of common wheat, durum wheat, rye and barley by droplet digital PCR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schulze ◽  
Anne-Catrin Geuthner ◽  
Dietrich Mäde
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Digital Pcr ◽  
Droplet Digital Pcr ◽  
Food Fraud ◽  
Single Genome ◽  
Cereal Species

AbstractFood fraud is becoming a prominent topic in the food industry. Thus, valid methods for detecting potential adulterations are necessary to identify instances of food fraud in cereal products, a significant component of human diet. In this work, primer–probe systems for real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for the detection of these cereal species: bread wheat (together with spelt), durum wheat, rye and barley for real-time PCR and ddPCR were established, optimized and validated. In addition, it was projected to validate a molecular system for differentiation of bread wheat and spelt; however, attempts for molecular differentiation between common wheat and spelt based on the gene GAG56D failed because of the genetic variability of the molecular target. Primer–probe systems were further developed and optimized on the basis of alignments of DNA sequences, as well as already developed PCR systems. The specificity of each system was demonstrated on 10 (spelt), 11 (durum wheat and rye) and 12 (bread wheat) reference samples. Specificity of the barley system was already proved in previous work. The calculated limits of detection (LOD95%) were between 2.43 and 4.07 single genome copies in real-time PCR. Based on the “three droplet rule”, the LOD95% in ddPCR was calculated to be 9.07–13.26 single genome copies. The systems were tested in mixtures of flours (rye and common wheat) and of semolina (durum and common wheat). The methods proved to be robust with regard to the tested conditions in the ddPCR. The developed primer–probe systems for ddPCR proved to be effective in quantitatively detecting the investigated cereal species rye and common wheat in mixtures by taking into account the haploid genome weight and the degree of milling of a flour. This method can correctly detect proportions of 50%, 60% and 90% wholemeal rye flour in a mixture of wholemeal common wheat flour. Quantitative results depend on the DNA content, on ploidy of cereal species and are also influenced by comminution. Hence, the proportion of less processed rye is overestimated in higher processed bread wheat and adulteration of durum wheat by common wheat by 1–5% resulted in underestimation of common wheat.

Growth and flowering of young cocoa plants is promoted by organic and nitrate-based fertiliser amendments

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Smilja Lambert ◽  
Hussin bin Purung ◽  
Syawaluddin ◽  
Peter McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Available P ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
Soil C

Summary Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) farmers in Sulawesi, Indonesia typically use subsidised, ammonium-based rice fertilisers that in combination with poor agricultural practices have resulted in soil acidification, loss of organic matter, aluminium toxicity and lower soil fertility. As a result, these soils are only marginally appropriate for replanting cocoa to boost production. A field experiment was performed to test alternative soil amendments for successful replanting of cocoa on these deficient soils. In a trial with a randomised block design, 6-month old seedlings, top-grafted with the local MCC02 clone, were planted under light Gliricidia sepium shade and after 3 months treated quarterly with two options of mineral fertilisers: either a customised fertiliser, consisting of Nitrabor (a combination of calcium nitrate and boron), dolomite, rock phosphate and KCl or a NPK/urea mix used by farmers, each supplied with or without ‘micronutrient’ rock salt, organic fertiliser and beneficial microorganisms or their culture medium, a mixture of chitin and amino acids (a total of 20 treatments). Over a 4-year period, the marginal mean rates of stem diameter increment and flowering score were higher in customised fertiliser than NPK/urea treatments. The average growth rate was highest in the first year and was increased by supplying organic fertiliser. A significant correlation (r = 0.22, p < 0.05) occurred between growth and available P, but concentrations of available P were higher in the NPK/urea plots, which also had lower mean growth rates. Combined supply of organic fertiliser and microbes increased available P, as well as growth rates, in both the customised and NPK/urea treatments. In contrast, NPK/urea-treated plots without these amendments demonstrated very low growth rates. The customised formulation was more effective with or without added organic fertiliser or inoculated microbes. Micronutrient supply stimulated flowering. Growth rates in trees supplied with NPK/urea were also promoted by micronutrients. Leaf flush production occurred in regular cycles and was unaffected by the nutrient amendments. After 3 years, the customised and organic fertiliser application increased soil pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations, although they remained below recommended levels for cocoa production. These treatments had little impact on soil C content (about 1.3%) which was also deficient. Exchangeable Al and total Zn concentrations were higher in soils amended with NPK/urea. The results of the trial provide evidence that utilisation of organic fertiliser in combination with customised nitrate-based formulations improves cocoa establishment, growth and soil properties and should be recommended as a replacement for the NPK/urea fertilisers traditionally used by farmers.

Mass spectrometry‐based quantification and spatial location of small organic acids exudate in plant roots under phosphorous deficiency and aluminium toxicity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gomez‐Zepeda ◽  
Moises Frausto ◽  
Héctor‐Rogelio Nájera‐González ◽  
Luis Herrera‐Estrella ◽  
José‐Juan Ordaz‐Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Plant Roots

scholarly journals Genetic Similarity of Avena sativa L. Varieties as an Example of a Narrow Genetic Pool of Contemporary Cereal Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1424
Author(s):  
Magdalena Cieplak ◽  
Sylwia Okoń ◽  
Krystyna Werwińska
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Central European ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Genetic Pool ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
High Genetic Similarity

The assessment of the genetic diversity of cultivated varieties is a very important element of breeding programs. This allows the determination of the level of genetic differentiation of cultivated varieties, their genetic distinctiveness, and is also of great importance in the selection of parental components for crossbreeding. The aim of the present study was to determine the level of genetic diversity of oat varieties currently grown in Central Europe based on two marker systems: ISSR and SCoT. The research conducted showed that both these types of markers were suitable for conducting analyses relating to the assessment of genetic diversity. The calculated coefficients showed that the analyzed cultivars were characterized by a high genetic similarity. However, the UPGMA and PCoA analyses clearly indicated the distinctiveness of the breeding programs conducted in Central European countries. The high genetic similarity of the analyzed forms allow us to conclude that it is necessary to expand the genetic pool of oat varieties. Numerous studies show that landraces may be the donor of genetic variation.

scholarly journals Identification of leaf rust resistance genes Lr34 and Lr46 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) lines of different origin using multiplex PCR

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-183
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Tomkowiak ◽  
Roksana Skowrońska ◽  
Michał Kwiatek ◽  
Julia Spychała ◽  
Dorota Weigt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Leaf Rust Resistance ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Pcr Marker ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Cereal Species

Abstract Leaf rust caused by the fungus Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici is one of the most dangerous diseases of common wheat. Infections caused by fungal pathogens reduce the quantity and quality of yields of many cereal species. The most effective method to limit plant infection is to use cultivars that show rust resistance. Genetically conditioned horizontal-type resistance (racial-nonspecific) is a desirable trait because it is characterized by more stable expression compared to major (R) genes that induce racially specific resistance, often overcome by pathogens. Horizontal resistance is conditioned by the presence of slow rust genes, which include genes Lr34 and Lr46. This study aimed to identify markers linked to both genes in 64 common wheat lines and to develop multiplex PCR reaction conditions that were applied to identify both genes simultaneously. The degree of infestation of the analyzed lines was also assessed in field conditions during the growing season of 2017 and 2018. Simple sequence repeat anchored-polymerase chain reaction (SSR-PCR) marker csLV was identified during analysis in line PHR 4947. The presence of a specific sequence has also been confirmed in multiplex PCR analyses. In addition to gene Lr34, gene Lr46 was identified in this genotype. Lines PHR 4947 and PHR 4819 were characterized by the highest leaf rust resistance in field conditions. During STS-PCR analyses, the marker wmc44 of gene Lr46 was identified in most of the analyzed lines. This marker was not present in the following genotypes: PHR 4670, PHR 4800, PHR 4859, PHR 4907, PHR 4922, PHR 4949, PHR 4957, PHR 4995, and PHR 4997. The presence of a specific sequence has also been confirmed in multiplex PCR analyses. Genotypes carrying the markers of the analyzed gene showed good resistance to leaf rust in field conditions in both 2017 and 2018. Research has demonstrated that marker assisted selection (MAS) and multiplex PCR techniques are excellent tools for selecting genotypes resistant to leaf rust.

Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter/spring cereal forage mixture

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
E. A. de St Remy ◽  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Carbon Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Shoot Weight

Spring planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals maximize dry matter yield and provide fall pasture by regrowth of the winter cereal. However, delay of initial harvest may reduce the winter cereal component and therefore subsequent regrowth yield. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to investigate the effect of time of initial cut (stage), winter cereal species (species) and cropping system (monocrop and mixture) on winter cereal shoot weight, leaf carbon exchange efficiency and shoot morphology. These parameters may be related to adaptation of winter cereals to growth and survival in the mixture. Winter cereal plants were grown in pails embedded in monocrop plots of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with Leduc barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The plants were removed when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2, H + 4 and H + 6 wk stages. Shoot weight was generally smaller in the mixture than in the monocrop and wheat was reduced more than fall rye and triticale in the mixture compared to the monocrop. Dark respiration rate (r = −0.54) and carbon exchange (r = 0.36) under low light intensity were correlated (P < 0.05) to shoot size in the mixture. Fall rye and winter triticale had lower dark respiration rates than winter wheat. Leaf area index (LAI) was closely correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.84) with shoot weight in both the mixture and monocrop. While species failed to exhibit clear cut differences for LAI, fall rye and winter triticale were reduced less than winter wheat in the mixture relative to the monocrop. Stage was the dominant factor affecting winter cereal growth in both cropping systems, but fall rye and triticale exhibited superior morphological features, and their carbon exchange responses to light were more efficient than wheat, which should allow them to be sustained longer under the shaded conditions of a mixture. Key words: Delayed harvest, shade, spring and winter cereal mixtures, adaptation, carbon exchange, respiration

Rapidly extracted (0.02 M CaCl2-soluble) reactive aluminum as a measure of aluminum toxicity in soils

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Close ◽  
HKJ Powell
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Aluminium Species

This paper examines the use of short extraction times, and the determination of aluminium with chrome azurol S (CAS), for the estimation of 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble aluminium in soils. It reports the correlation between CAS-reactive aluminium in 5 min extracts and percent maximum yield of white clover (Trifolium repens) for a series of acid soils. The reactivity of soluble and colloidal aluminium species with the metallochromic reagent CAS has been assessed. ~ l ( a q ) ~ + , simple hydroxy species and complexes of weakly binding ligands (salicylic acid, tannins) are CAS-reactive (2 rnin). In contrast, complexes of strongly binding ligands (citric acid, fulvic acid) are not CAS-reactive ([Al] ~ [L] ~ [CAS] ~ 1-2~10-5 M). For a series of six limed phosphated topsoils and subsoils (pH 4.2-5.5), 0.02 M CaCl2- soluble aluminium, as determined with CAS, was negatively correlated against the percent maximum yield of white clover; r2 = -0.73** (5 min extraction), n = 20. This correlation is similar to that for yield against total aluminium as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after 60 min extraction (r2 = -0.77**). However, the colorimetric analysis is more convenient and sensitive; further, it does not measure colloidal and polymeric aluminium species (which may not be plant-available). The satisfactory correlation achieved for short extraction times suggests use of CAS for a rapid field method for aluminium toxicity in soils.

Variation in harvest index of modern spring barley, oat and wheat cultivars adapted to northern growing conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PELTONEN-SAINIO ◽  
S. MUURINEN ◽  
A. RAJALA ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Cereal Cultivars

SUMMARYIncreased harvest index (HI) has been one of the principal factors contributing to genetic yield improvements in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Although high HI demonstrates high-yielding ability when cultivars are compared, it can also indicate challenges to yield formation when comparisons are made across differing growing conditions. The present study was designed to investigate variation in HI among modern cereal cultivars relative to that brought about by a northern environment, to assess whether HI still explains the majority of the differences in grain yield when only modern cereal cultivars are compared, and to monitor key traits contributing to HI. Stability of HI was also investigated with reference to the role of tillers. Twelve experiments (3 years, two locations, two nitrogen fertilizer regimes) were carried out in southern Finland to evaluate 12 two-row spring barley, 10 six-row barley, 10 oat and 11 wheat cultivars. In addition to HI, days to heading and maturity, length of grain filling period, grain yield, test weight and 13 traits characterizing plant stand structure were measured and analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) to detect traits associated with HI and those contributing to stability of HI. Although only modern cereals were studied, differences among cultivars were significant both in mean HI and stability of HI, and HI was associated with short plant stature in all modern cereal species. Also, single grain weight was associated with HI in all species. Differences between, but not within, species in HI were partly attributable to differences in tiller performance. Grain yield was associated closely with HI except in two-row barley. It may be possible to further increase HI of wheat, as it still was relatively low. High HI did, however, not indicate the degree of success in yield determination when environments are compared.

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