Social Influences on Operant Behavior in Japanese Quail: Sex Differences Among Subjects, and Sex and Age Differences Among Companions

1978 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Deni
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Sex and Age Differences on the Raven's Matrices

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagindra Persaud
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Intellectual Capacity ◽  
Raven’S Matrices ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

This study examined the effects of sex and age on scores on a matrices test among university and college students aged 17 to 51 yr. Sex differences in mean scores were nonsignificant. The general decline with age was linear and negative, significantly so for women ( n = 132), not for men ( n = 74). Significant decrements occurred from the age of 26 yr. upwards for women only. The findings suggest that loss of intellectual capacity on the Raven's Matrices can be attributed to age.

scholarly journals Sex differences in facial scanning: Similarities and dissimilarities between infants and adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Rennels ◽  
Andrew J. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
Facial Scanning ◽  
Sex And Age Differences ◽  
Better Than

When face processing studies find sex differences, male infants appear better at face recognition than female infants, whereas female adults appear better at face recognition than male adults. Both female infants and adults, however, discriminate emotional expressions better than males. To investigate if sex and age differences in facial scanning might account for these processing discrepancies, 3–4-month-olds, 9–10-month-olds, and adults viewed faces presented individually while an eye tracker recorded eye movements. Regardless of age, males shifted fixations between internal and external facial features more than females, suggesting more holistic processing. Females shifted fixations between internal facial features more than males, suggesting more second-order relational processing, which may explain females’ emotion discrimination advantage. Older male infants made more fixations than older female infants. Female adults made more fixations for shorter fixation durations than male adults. Male infants and female adults’ greater encoding of facial information may explain their face recognition advantage.

scholarly journals Sex and age differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Juel Ahrenfeldt ◽  
Martina Otavova ◽  
Kaare Christensen ◽  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sex And Age Differences ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Aim: To examine the magnitude of sex differences in survival from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Europe across age and countries. We hypothesise that men have higher mortality than women at any given age, but that sex differences will decrease with age as only the strongest men survive to older ages.Methods: We used population data from Institut National D’Études Démographiques on cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 from February to June 2020 in 10 European countries: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The Netherlands, England & Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal. For each country, we calculated cumulative mortality rates stratified by age and sex and corresponding relative risks for men vs. women.Results: The relative risk of dying from COVID-19 was higher for men than for women in almost all age groups in all countries. The overall relative risk ranged from 1.11 (95% CI 1.01-1.23) in Portugal to 1.54 (95% CI 1.49-1.58) in France. In most countries, sex differences increased until ages 60-69 years, but decreased thereafter with the smallest sex difference at ages 80+.Conclusions: Despite variability in data collection and time coverage among countries, we illustrate an overall similar pattern of sex differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe.

Body image in relation to nutritional status in adults from the Basque Country, Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Ibáñez-Zamacona ◽  
Alaitz Poveda ◽  
Esther Rebato
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Image Perception ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

AbstractThe aim of this research was to analyse variation in body image perception and satisfaction by age, sex and nutritional status in an adult sample from the Basque Country, Spain. A case-control study was performed for 227 women and 178 men aged 18–70 years. Stunkard’s silhouettes were used to evaluate Current Body Image (CBI) and Ideal Body Image (IBI), as well as dissatisfaction and inconsistency scores. Nutritional status was assessed following the WHO criteria for BMI in an adult population. The sample was divided into four groups based on sex and age (early adulthood <45 years, and middle/older adulthood ≥45 years). The Mann–Whitney U test was employed to evaluate sex and age differences, and the Gamma coefficient to assess the association between body image variables and nutritional status. Significant age differences in CBI (p<0.05) and sex differences in IBI (p<0.001) were detected. Both variables showed a positive association with BMI (p<0.01), which indicates that BMI is a biological characteristic related to body image satisfaction and influences participants’ perception of themselves. Dissatisfaction scores showed that both sex and age differences (p<0.05) were negatively associated with BMI (p<0.001). Only participants ≥45 years presented sex differences in inconsistency scores (p<0.05); this variable was associated with BMI in women (p<0.01). Preferences in body image showed sexual dimorphism, with women preferring thinner bodies than men – a pattern observed in many Western populations – linked in part to sociocultural pressures. Women were more dissatisfied with their bodies than men; a higher dissatisfaction was observed in older relative to younger participants. The results confirm the association between nutritional status and body size perception and satisfaction, but also the relationship between nutritional status and the reliability with which women can classify themselves; in men, this relationship was not as clear.

Sex and Age Differences in Depression: A Quantitative Synthesis of Published Research

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Jorm
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Quantitative Synthesis ◽  
Small Rise ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

It is commonly believed that depression is more common in females than in males. A quantitative synthesis of published research showed, however, that the sex difference is age specific. There is little sex difference in either childhood or advanced old age, but a notable sex difference in middle life. This sex difference appears because rates for females rise sharply from childhood to adulthood and then decline somewhat in old age. By contrast, rates for males show a small rise in early adulthood but are otherwise fairly stable throughout life. The age-specific nature of these sex differences may be explainable in terms of differences in social roles at various ages.

Child and Adolescent Suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before and After the War (1992–1995)

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almir Fajkic ◽  
Orhan Lepara ◽  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Nestor D. Kapusta ◽  
Thomas Niederkrotenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background: Evidence on youth suicides from Southeastern Europe is scarce. We are not aware of previous reports from Bosnia and Herzegovina, which experienced war from 1992 to 1995. Durkheim’s theory of suicide predicts decreased suicide rates in wartime and increased rates afterward. Aims: To compare child and adolescent suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina before and after the war. Methods: Data on youth suicide for prewar (1986–90) and postwar (2002–06) periods were analyzed with respect to prevalence, sex and age differences, and suicide methods. Suicide data from 1991 through 2001 were not available. Results: Overall youth suicide rates were one-third lower in the postwar than in the prewar period. This effect was most pronounced for girls, whose postwar suicide rates almost halved, and for 15–19-year-old boys, whose rates decreased by about a one-fourth. Suicides increased among boys aged 14 or younger. Firearm suicides almost doubled proportionally and were the predominant postwar method, while the most common prewar method had been hanging. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate the need for public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the role of firearm accessibility in youth suicide and for instructions on safe storage in households. Moreover, raising societal awareness about suicide risk factors and suicide prevention is needed.

Sex and Experience in the Academy Award Nomination Process

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Event History ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Academy Award ◽  
Award Nomination ◽  
Age Disparity

Research has indicated significant age differences between male and female Academy Award nominees and winners. However, this discrepancy may be associated with sex differences in actors' ages when they first begin their acting careers. The present research uses event history analysis to investigate the duration of Academy Award nominees' careers from career start (first film) to first three Academy Award nominations. Analysis suggested controlling for an actor's age at first film explains the sex-age disparity between Academy Award nominees and winners.

Controlling for Response Biases Clarifies Sex and Age Differences in Facial Affect Recognition

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah J. Sasson ◽  
Amy E. Pinkham ◽  
Jan Richard ◽  
Paul Hughett ◽  
Raquel E. Gur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Facial Affect ◽  
Affect Recognition ◽  
Facial Affect Recognition ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Sex And Age Differences
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