The physiological role of resistin and its connection with metabolic diseases

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1171-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Motojima
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Physiological Role

scholarly journals Glucagon Receptor Signaling and Glucagon Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janah ◽  
Kjeldsen ◽  
Galsgaard ◽  
Winther-Sørensen ◽  
Stojanovska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Glucagon Receptor ◽  
Metabolomic Profiling ◽  
Hepatic Fat

Hundred years after the discovery of glucagon, its biology remains enigmatic. Accurate measurement of glucagon has been essential for uncovering its pathological hypersecretion that underlies various metabolic diseases including not only diabetes and liver diseases but also cancers (glucagonomas). The suggested key role of glucagon in the development of diabetes has been termed the bihormonal hypothesis. However, studying tissue-specific knockout of the glucagon receptor has revealed that the physiological role of glucagon may extend beyond blood-glucose regulation. Decades ago, animal and human studies reported an important role of glucagon in amino acid metabolism through ureagenesis. Using modern technologies such as metabolomic profiling, knowledge about the effects of glucagon on amino acid metabolism has been expanded and the mechanisms involved further delineated. Glucagon receptor antagonists have indirectly put focus on glucagon’s potential role in lipid metabolism, as individuals treated with these antagonists showed dyslipidemia and increased hepatic fat. One emerging field in glucagon biology now seems to include the concept of hepatic glucagon resistance. Here, we discuss the roles of glucagon in glucose homeostasis, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism and present speculations on the molecular pathways causing and associating with postulated hepatic glucagon resistance.

scholarly journals Effect of 1,5-Anhydro-D-Fructose on the Inhibition of Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko Kojima-Yuasa ◽  
Yohei Deguchi ◽  
Yotaro Konishi ◽  
Isao Matsui-Yuasa
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Energy Sensor ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Cellular Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose (1,5-AF) is a monosaccharide that shares a structural similarity to glucose. 1,5-AF is found in fungi, algae, Escherichia coli and rat liver and is produced by the degradation of starch and glycogen, which is catalyzed by the enzyme α-1,4-glucan lyase. However, the physiological role of 1,5-AF in mammalian tissues is not well understood. Here, we investigated the anti-obesity potential of 1,5-AF on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 1,5-AF caused a significant decrease in GPDH activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and mature adipocytes without eliciting cytotoxicity, and inhibited cellular lipid accumulation through down-regulation of transcription factors such as PPARγ and C/EBPα. 1,5-AF also induced dose-dependent phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor. However, the total AMPK protein content remained unchanged. Furthermore, 1,5-AF increased the levels of reactive oxygen species, an important upstream signal for AMPK activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results show that 1,5-AF exerts anti-obesity action in vitro and suggest that 1,5-AF is potentially a novel preventative agent for obesity and other metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals ANGPTL8 in metabolic homeostasis: more friend than foe?

Open Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Guo ◽  
Chenxi Wang ◽  
Xia Deng ◽  
Jianqiang He ◽  
Ling Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Hepatic Glucose Production ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Hepatic Glucose

ANGPTL8 is an important cytokine, which is significantly increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and metabolic syndrome. Many studies have shown that ANGPTL8 can be used as a bio-marker of these metabolic disorders related diseases, and the baseline ANGPTL8 level has also been found to be positively correlated with retinopathy and all-cause mortality in patients with T2DM. This may be related to the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity and the reduction of circulating triglyceride (TG) clearance by ANGPTL8. Consistently, inhibition of ANGPTL8 seems to prevent or improve atherosclerosis. However, it is puzzling that ANGPTL8 seems to have a directing function for TG uptake in peripheral tissues; that is, ANGPTL8 specifically enhances the reserve and buffering function of white adipose tissue, which may alleviate the ectopic lipid accumulation to a certain extent. Furthermore, ANGPTL8 can improve insulin sensitivity and inhibit hepatic glucose production. These contradictory results lead to different opinions on the role of ANGPTL8 in metabolic disorders. In this paper, the correlation between ANGPTL8 and metabolic diseases, the regulation of ANGPTL8 and the physiological role of ANGPTL8 in the process of glucose and lipid metabolism were summarized, and the physiological/pathological significance of ANGPTL8 in the process of metabolic disorder was discussed.

scholarly journals 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Massimo E. Maffei
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Tryptophan Hydroxylase ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Molecular Engineering ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Natural Component

L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is both a drug and a natural component of some dietary supplements. 5-HTP is produced from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which is present in two isoforms (TPH1 and TPH2). Decarboxylation of 5-HTP yields serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) that is further transformed to melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). 5-HTP plays a major role both in neurologic and metabolic diseases and its synthesis from tryptophan represents the limiting step in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis. In this review, after an look at the main natural sources of 5-HTP, the chemical analysis and synthesis, biosynthesis and microbial production of 5-HTP by molecular engineering will be described. The physiological effects of 5-HTP are discussed in both animal studies and human clinical trials. The physiological role of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, anxiety, panic, sleep disorders, obesity, myoclonus and serotonin syndrome are also discussed. 5-HTP toxicity and the occurrence of toxic impurities present in tryptophan and 5-HTP preparations are also discussed.

The role of vitamin A and its pro-vitamin carotenoids in fetal and neonatal programming: gaps in knowledge and metabolic pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87
Author(s):  
Leonardo M de Souza Mesquita ◽  
Laís V Mennitti ◽  
Veridiana V de Rosso ◽  
Luciana P Pisani
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Abstract Vitamin A (VA) and its pro-vitamin carotenoids are naturally occurring lipophilic compounds involved in several cellular processes and metabolic pathways. Despite their broad spectrum of activities in the general population, dietary deficiencies of these compounds can potentially affect pregnancy outcomes. Since maternal nutritional status and diet composition during pregnancy and lactation can have long-lasting effects in offspring until adulthood, this study presents an overview of VA and the role of pro-VA carotenoids during pregnancy and lactation – the nutrition, metabolism, and biological effects in the offspring. The review aimed to discuss the pro-VA carotenoids and VA-associated pathways and summarize the results with reference to gestational disorders, and VA and pro-VA carotenoids as preventive agents. Also, considering that obesity, overweight, and metabolic diseases are major public health concerns worldwide, fetal and neonatal development is discussed, highlighting the physiological role of these molecules in obesity prevention. This review comprehensively summarizes the current data and shows the potential impact of these compounds on nutritional status in pregnancy and lactation.

Physiological Role of Cyclic Electron Flow in Higher Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Wei HUANG ◽  
Shi-Bao ZHANG ◽  
Kun-Fang CAO
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Cyclic Electron Flow

The Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel (ROMK): An Intriguing Pharmacological Target for an Innovative Class of Diuretic Drugs

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 2627-2636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Calderone ◽  
Alma Martelli ◽  
Eugenia Piragine ◽  
Valentina Citi ◽  
Lara Testai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Role ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Diuretic Activity ◽  
First Line ◽  
Potassium Homeostasis ◽  
Diuretic Drugs ◽  
Pharmacological Target ◽  
Diuretic Agents ◽  
Effective Drugs

In the last four decades, the several classes of diuretics, currently available for clinical use, have been the first line option for the therapy of widespread cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases. Diuretic drugs generally exhibit an overall favourable risk/benefit balance. However, they are not devoid of side effects. In particular, all the classes of diuretics cause alteration of potassium homeostasis. <p> In recent years, understanding of the physiological role of the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels, has shown an intriguing pharmacological target for developing an innovative class of diuretic agents: the ROMK inhibitors. This novel class is expected to promote diuretic activity comparable to (or even higher than) that provided by the most effective drugs used in clinics (such as furosemide), with limited effects on potassium homeostasis. <p> In this review, the physio-pharmacological roles of ROMK channels in the renal function are reported, along with the most representative molecules which have been currently developed as ROMK inhibitors.

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