Identification of Phase I and Phase II metabolites of Guanfu base a Hydrochloride in human urine

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J. Y. ◽  
G. J. Wang ◽  
J. G. Sun ◽  
Y. C. Gu ◽  
M. S. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites

Metabolism of (2S)-Pterosin A: Identification of the Phase I and Phase II Metabolites in Rat Urine

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1566-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Ping Lee ◽  
Feng-Lin Hsu ◽  
Jaw-Jou Kang ◽  
Chien-Kuang Chen ◽  
Shoei-Sheng Lee
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Rat Urine ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites

Microbial production of phase I and phase II metabolites of midazolam

Xenobiotica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrille Marvalin ◽  
Mireille Denoux ◽  
Serge Pérard ◽  
Sébastien Roy ◽  
Robert Azerad
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Microbial Production ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites

Effects of Triamterene and Its Phase I and Phase II Metabolites on Sodium Transport of the Isolated Frog Skin

Pharmacology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert J. Kramer ◽  
M. Rörig ◽  
KD. Völger
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Frog Skin ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites

LC-ESI-MS/MS identification and characterization of ponatinib in vivo phase I and phase II metabolites

2018 ◽  
Vol 485 ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed W. Attwa ◽  
Adnan A. Kadi ◽  
Hany W. Darwish ◽  
Sawsan M. Amer ◽  
Haitham AlRabiah
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Microbial production of phase I and phase II metabolites of propranolol

Xenobiotica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrille Marvalin ◽  
Robert Azerad
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Microbial Production ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites

scholarly journals Urinary Excretion Kinetics of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and Its Phase I and Phase II Metabolites in Humans following Controlled MDMA Administration

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1748-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E Schwaninger ◽  
Markus R Meyer ◽  
Allan J Barnes ◽  
Erin A Kolbrich-Spargo ◽  
David A Gorelick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Liver Microsomes ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
Phase Ii Metabolites

BACKGROUND 3,4-Methylendioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is excreted in human urine as unchanged drug and phase I and II metabolites. Previous urinary excretion studies after controlled oral MDMA administration have been performed only after conjugate cleavage. Therefore, we investigated intact MDMA glucuronide and sulfate metabolite excretion. METHODS We used LC–high-resolution MS and GC-MS to reanalyze blind urine samples from 10 participants receiving 1.0 or 1.6 mg/kg MDMA orally. We determined median Cmax, tmax, first and last detection times, and total urinary recovery; calculated ratios of sulfates and glucuronides; and performed in vitro–in vivo correlations. RESULTS Phase II metabolites of 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (DHMA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (DHA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine were identified, although only DHMA sulfates, HMMA sulfate, and HMMA glucuronide had substantial abundance. Good correlation was observed for HMMA measured after acid hydrolysis and the sum of unconjugated HMMA, HMMA glucuronide, and HMMA sulfate (R2 = 0.87). More than 90% of total DHMA and HMMA were excreted as conjugates. The analyte with the longest detection time was HMMA sulfate. Median HMMA sulfate/glucuronide and DHMA 3-sulfate/4-sulfate ratios for the first 24 h were 2.0 and 5.3, respectively, in accordance with previous in vitro calculations from human liver microsomes and cytosol experiments. CONCLUSIONS Human MDMA urinary metabolites are primarily sulfates and glucuronides, with sulfates present in higher concentrations than glucuronides. This new knowledge may lead to improvements in urine MDMA and metabolite analysis in clinical and forensic toxicology, particularly for the performance of direct urine analysis.

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