Role of naturally-occurring plant sterols on intestinal cholesterol absorption and plasmatic levels

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sanclemente ◽  
I. Marques-Lopes ◽  
J. Puzo ◽  
A. L. García-Otín
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Role of intestinal sterol transporters Abcg5, Abcg8, and Npc1l1 in cholesterol absorption in mice: gender and age effects

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. G269-G276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ping Duan ◽  
Helen H. Wang ◽  
Akira Ohashi ◽  
David Q.-H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Biliary Cholesterol ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
17Β Estradiol

Recent studies have indicated that intestinal cholesterol absorption is a multistep process, which is regulated by multiple genes at the enterocyte level. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby there are gender differences in intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency and the efficiency of cholesterol absorption increases with age have not yet been fully understood. To explore whether aging increases cholesterol absorption via intestinal sterol transporters, we studied the higher cholesterol-absorbing C57L/J vs. the lower cholesterol-absorbing AKR/J mice at 8 (young adult), 36 (older adult), and 50 (aged) wk of age. To test the hypothesis that estrogen receptor (ER )α plays an important regulatory role in cholesterol absorption, we investigated the gonadectomized mice of both genders treated with 17β-estradiol-releasing pellets at 0, 3, or 6 μg/day and antiestrogenic ICI 182,780 at 125 μg/day. We found that hepatic outputs of biliary cholesterol were significantly increased with age and in response to high levels of estrogen. Aging significantly enhances cholesterol absorption by suppressing expression of the jejunal and ileal sterol efflux transporters [ATP-binding cassette ( Abc) g5 and Abcg8] and upregulating expression of the putative duodenal and jejunal sterol influx transporter Npc1l1. Estrogen significantly augmented cholesterol absorption mostly due to an upregulated expression of intestinal Npc1l1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 via the intestinal ERα pathway, which can be fully abolished by the antagonist. We conclude that ERα activated by estrogen and aging enhances cholesterol absorption by increasing biliary lipid output and mediating intestinal sterol transporters favoring influx of intraluminal cholesterol molecules across the apical membrane of the enterocyte.

Molecular Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Cholesterol- Lowering Effects of Phytosterols

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (37) ◽  
pp. 6704-6723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lídia Cedó ◽  
Marta Farràs ◽  
Miriam Lee-Rueckert ◽  
Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering

Dietary phytosterols, which comprise plant sterols and stanols, reduce plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels when given 2 g/day. Since this dose has not been reported to cause health-related side effects in long-term human studies, food products containing these plant compounds are used as potential therapeutic dietary options to reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular disease risk. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering action of phytosterols. They may compete with dietary and biliary cholesterol for micellar solubilization in the intestinal lumen, impairing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Recent evidence indicates that phytosterols may also regulate other pathways. Impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption is usually associated with reduced cholesterol transport to the liver, which may reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into Very-Low- Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, thereby lowering the rate of VLDL assembly and secretion. Impaired liver VLDL production may reduce the rate of LDL production. On the other hand, significant evidence supports a role for plant sterols in the Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion (TICE) pathway, although the exact mechanisms by which they promote the flow of cholesterol from the blood to enterocytes and the intestinal lumen remains unknown. Dietary phytosterols may also alter the conversion of bile acids into secondary bile acids, and may lower the bile acid hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio, thereby reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols.

Dietary Sphingomyelin Metabolism and Roles in Gut Health and Cognitive Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenyu Jiang ◽  
Ling-Zhi Cheong ◽  
Xue Zhang ◽  
Abdelmoneim H Ali ◽  
Qingzhe Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Cellular Signal ◽  
Term Functions

Abstract Sphingomyelin (SM) is a widely occurring sphingolipid that is a major plasma membrane constituent. Milk and dairy products are rich SM sources, and human milk has high SM content. Numerous studies have evaluated the roles of SM in maintaining cell membrane structure and cellular signal transduction. There has been a growing interest in exploring the role of dietary SM, especially from human milk, in imparting health benefits. This review focuses on recent publications regarding SM content in several dietary sources and dietary SM metabolism. SM digestion and absorption are slow and incomplete and mainly occur in the middle sections of the small intestine. This review also evaluates the effect of dietary SM on gut health and cognitive development. Studies indicate that SM may promote gut health by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption in adults. However, there has been a lack of data supporting clinical trials. An association between milk SM and neural development is evident before childhood. Hence, additional studies and well-designed randomized controlled trials that incorporate dietary SM evaluation, SM metabolism, and its long-term functions on infants and children are required.

Metabolic and genetic factors modulating subject specific LDL-C responses to plant sterol therapy1This article is an invited review for the Journal's Made In Canada section. The authors gratefully acknowledge the training that was acquired at the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba. We would specifically like to thank Dr. Peter Jones for his mentorship and significant contribution to the research contained within this manuscript.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd C. Rideout ◽  
Scott V. Harding ◽  
Dylan S. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption

Reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption with plant sterol consumption is a well-characterized strategy to lower LDL-C and potentially reduce cardiovascular disease risk. However, over 50 years of clinical research demonstrate that there is significant heterogeneity in the individual LDL-C lowering response to plant sterol therapy. A clear understanding of why plant sterols work effectively in some individuals but not in others will ensure optimal integration of plant sterols in future personalized nutritional lipid-lowering strategies. This review will examine the current knowledge base surrounding the metabolic and genetic determinants of LDL-C lowering in response to plant sterol consumption.

Dietary induction of pancreatic cholesterol esterase: a regulatory cycle for the intestinal absorption of cholesterol

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Sasser ◽  
Chakradhar Buddhiraju ◽  
Vijaya B. Kumar ◽  
Angel Lopez-Candales ◽  
Jackie Grosjlos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Cholesterol Esterase ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Mrna Induction ◽  
High Fraction ◽  
Dietary Sterol ◽  
Human Intestinal Cells

Atherosclerosis has a strong dietary basis without a proven molecular mechanism for cholesterol absorption. To investigate the potential role of pancreas in this process and its interaction with the two dietary forms of cholesterol (free and esterified), we undertook to study the role of pancreatic cholesterol esterase in cholesterol absorption. The results showed that (i) cholesterol esters contribute a disproportionately high fraction of absorbed dietary cholesterol, (ii) rates of intestinal cholesterol absorption are related to pancreatic cholesterol esterase activity, (iii) mRNA specific for pancreatic cholesterol esterase is induced 15-fold by dietary sterol esters and 10-fold by free sterol, (iv) the induction of cholesterol esterase mRNA is reversible, and (v) free cholesterol transport into cultured human intestinal cells is enhanced 300% by pancreatic cholesterol esterase. These data implicate pancreatic cholesterol esterase as pivotal in a metabolic loop under positive feedback control for the absorption of dietary cholesterol, whether free or esterified.Key words: cholesterol esterase, diet, transport, mRNA, induction.

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