Resistivity increase due to size and roughness effects and stabilization of in situ superconductors

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
J. Bánkuti ◽  
G. Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Roughness Effects

scholarly journals In situ scanning electron microscopy indentation studies on multilayer nitride films: Methodology and deformation mechanisms

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1208-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Rzepiejewska-Malyska ◽  
W.M. Mook ◽  
M. Parlinska-Wojtan ◽  
J. Hejduk ◽  
J. Michler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Indentation Load ◽  
Deformation Mechanisms ◽  
Fracture Mechanisms ◽  
Roughness Effects ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Scanning Electron

Systematic studies of the deformation mechanisms of multilayer transition metal nitride coatings TiN/CrN, TiN/NbN, and NbN/CrN, and corresponding reference coatings of TiN, NbN, and CrN deposited by a direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering process onto silicon 〈100〉 have been performed. Mechanical characterization was conducted using a combination of microindentation and nanoindentation in the load range 30 to 150 mN and 0.5 to 3.5 mN, respectively. For both load ranges, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in situ indentation was used to observe the indentation process including any pileup, sink-in, and fracture mechanisms specific to each coating. The coatings’ microstructure, both before and after indentation, was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was possible to both correlate the indentation load–displacement response to surface roughness effects and fracture modes (substrate and film cracking) and observe deformation mechanisms within the coatings.

scholarly journals Effect of small-scale snow surface roughness on snow albedo and reflectance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terhikki Manninen ◽  
Kati Anttila ◽  
Emmihenna Jääskeläinen ◽  
Aku Riihelä ◽  
Jouni Peltoniemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
Roughness Effects ◽  
Bidirectional Reflectance Factor ◽  
Reflectance Factor ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The primary goal of this paper is to present a model of snow surface albedo accounting for small-scale surface roughness effects. The model is based on photon recollision probability and it can be combined with existing bulk volume albedo models, such as TARTES. The model is fed with in situ measurements of surface roughness from plate profile and laser scanner data, and it is evaluated by comparing the computed albedos with observations. It provides closer results to empirical values than volume scattering based albedo simulations alone. The impact of surface roughness on albedo increases with the progress of the melting season and is larger for larger solar zenith angles. In absolute terms, surface roughness can decrease the total albedo by up to about 0.1. As regards the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF), it is found that surface roughness increases backward scattering especially for large solar zenith angle values.

scholarly journals An Air-to-Soil Transition Model for Discrete Scattering-Emission Modelling at L-Band

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Hong Zhao ◽  
Yijian Zeng ◽  
Jun Wen ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Zuoliang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Roughness Effects ◽  
Surface Emission ◽  
L Band ◽  
Soil Volume ◽  
Emission Modelling ◽  
Performance Results

Topsoil structures and inhomogeneous distribution of moisture in the soil volume will induce dielectric discontinuities from air to bulk soil, which in turn may induce multiple and volume scattering and affect the microwave surface emission. In situ ELBARA-III L-band radiometer observations of brightness temperature TBp (p =H or V polarization) at the Maqu site on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau are exploited to understand the effect of surface roughness on coherent and incoherent emission processes. Assisted with in situ soil moisture (SM) and temperature profile measurements, this study develops an air-to-soil transition (ATS) model that incorporates the dielectric roughness (i.e., resulted from fine-scale topsoil structures and the soil volume) characterized by SM and geometric roughness effects, and demonstrates the necessity of the ATS model for modelling L-band TBp. The Wilheit (1978) coherent and Lv et al. (2014) incoherent models are compared for determining the dielectric constant of bulk soil in the ATS zone and for calculating soil effective temperature Teff. The Tor Vergata discrete scattering model (TVG) integrated with the advanced integral equation model (AIEM) is used as the baseline model configuration for simulating L-band TBp. Whereafter, the ATS model is integrated with the foregoing model for assessing its performance. Results show the ATS-based models reduce the underestimation of TBp (≈20-50 K) by the baseline simulations. Being dynamic in nature, the proposed dielectric roughness parameterization in the ATS model significantly improves the ability in interpreting TBp dynamics, which is important for improving SM retrieval at the global scale.

Rendez vous with Saturn's rings

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 743-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry T. Nock
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Low Thrust ◽  
Ring Plane ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Total Impulse ◽  
Saturn's Rings

ABSTRACTA mission to rendezvous with the rings of Saturn is studied with regard to science rationale and instrumentation and engineering feasibility and design. Future detailedin situexploration of the rings of Saturn will require spacecraft systems with enormous propulsive capability. NASA is currently studying the critical technologies for just such a system, called Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP). Electric propulsion is the only technology which can effectively provide the required total impulse for this demanding mission. Furthermore, the power source must be nuclear because the solar energy reaching Saturn is only 1% of that at the Earth. An important aspect of this mission is the ability of the low thrust propulsion system to continuously boost the spacecraft above the ring plane as it spirals in toward Saturn, thus enabling scientific measurements of ring particles from only a few kilometers.

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