Environmental attitudes of pre-service teachers: A conceptual and methodological dilemma in cross-cultural data collection

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Watson ◽  
Christine M. Halse
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Environmental Attitudes ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Data

Current Issues in Bilingualism: an Update of Directions in Research

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 10-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braj B. Kachru
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Social Commitment ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
Intense Research ◽  
Cultural Data

This survey is primarily an update of the review published inARAL I, (Kaplan 1981:2-24). The research on various aspects of bilingualism during the last five years shows three main characteristics. First, there is questioning of some basic concepts which are still considered, as it were, sacrosanct by researchers for the description and analysis of bilingualism--individual and societal--and for actual fieldwork (cf., section 2 below). In such questioning--however mute at present--several theoretical and methodological sacred cows are under attack. Second, one notices a shift in the areas of research towards experimentation, with more precise methodology and techniques, to answer questions concerning the bilingual's brain (cf., sections 5 and 6). Third, there are insightful breakthroughs in crosscultural and cross-linguistic research with serious applied orientation (cf., sections 10 and 11) and, equally important, there is concern for a social commitment in such research. True, in this intense research activity there are very few questions asked which may be considered as breaking new ground. However, the newness lies in the answers which are provided to old questions. In these answers, we notice many fresh insights gained through a wealth of cross-cultural data, through the results obtained from longitudinal studies (e.g., Hakuta and Diaz in press, Rosier and Holm 1980), through the experiments conducted with highly refined and sophisticated tools and techniques of data collection and data analysis, and through increasing understanding of the bilinguals' and monolinguals' neuropsychological processes.

Cross-cultural data collection with the GRID instrument1,2

2013 ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Soriano ◽  
Johnny R. J. Fontaine ◽  
Klaus R. Scherer ◽  
Gülcan Akçalan Akırmak ◽  
Paola Alarcón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Data

Making the most of individual differences in joint decisions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahador Bahrami
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Wisdom Of Crowds ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Joint Decisions ◽  
Cultural Data ◽  
Better Than

Evidence for and against the idea that “two heads are better than one” is abundant. This chapter considers the contextual conditions and social norms that predict madness or wisdom of crowds to identify the adaptive value of collective decision-making beyond increased accuracy. Similarity of competence among members of a collective impacts collective accuracy, but interacting individuals often seem to operate under the assumption that they are equally competent even when direct evidence suggest the opposite and dyadic performance suffers. Cross-cultural data from Iran, China, and Denmark support this assumption of similarity (i.e., equality bias) as a sensible heuristic that works most of the time and simplifies social interaction. Crowds often trade off accuracy for other collective benefits such as diffusion of responsibility and reduction of regret. Consequently, two heads are sometimes better than one, but no-one holds the collective accountable, not even for the most disastrous of outcomes.

scholarly journals Examination of Heterogeneous Societies

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiko Kano Glückstad ◽  
Mikkel N. Schmidt ◽  
Morten Mørup
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
World Value Survey ◽  
Applied Model ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cultural Data

The recent development of data analytic tools rooted around the Multi-Group Latent Class Analysis (MGLCA) has enabled the examination of heterogeneous datasets in a cross-cultural context. Although the MGLCA is considered as an established and popular cross-cultural data analysis approach, the infinite relational model (IRM) is a new and disruptive type of unsupervised clustering approach that has been developed recently by cognitive psychologists and computer scientists. In this article, an extended version of the IRM coined the multinominal IRM—or mIRM in short—is applied to a cross-cultural analysis of survey data available from the World Value Survey organization. Specifically, the present work analyzes response patterns of the Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) representing Schwartz’s 10 basic values of Japanese and Swedes. The applied model exposes heterogeneous structures of the two societies consisting of fine-grained response patterns expressed by the respective subpopulations and extracts latent typological structures contrasting and highlighting similarities and differences between these two societies. In the final section, we discuss similarities and differences identified between the MGLCA and the mIRM approaches, which indicate potential applications and contributions of the mIRM and the general IRM framework for future cross-cultural data analyses.

Labeling, Attention and Perception, a Developmental Study

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Abraham Sagi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Differential Perception ◽  
American Children ◽  
Attention And Perception ◽  
Cultural Data

96 7- and 9-yr.-olds were under four experimental conditions. A “distinctive label” group ( n = 24) associated four different gender-cued labels with four infants' faces. An “equivalent label” group ( n = 24) associated only two of these labels. There were also two no-label groups ( ns =: 24), “differential perception” and “perception.” In the former, perceptual cues were provided; no cues were provided in the latter. The main measure was a test of perception. 9-yr.-olds were not affected by the labels, 7-yr.-olds were but more significantly so during initial trials. It is proposed that perception is affected by labels, learning, and selective attention. These effects are determined developmentally. As age increases the effects of verbal cues diminish and of perceptual cues increase. The findings are related to cross-cultural data, indicating that Israeli toddlers classify according to gender earlier than do American children. This is probably because Hebrew more than English contains distinctive linguistic cues related to sex.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural data shows musical scales evolved to maximise imperfect fifths

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mcbride ◽  
Tsvi Tlusty
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Harmonic Series ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Data ◽  
Musical Scales

Musical scales are used throughout the world, but the question of how they evolved remains open. Some suggest that scales based on the harmonic series are inherently pleasant, while others propose that scales are chosen that are easy to communicate.However, testing these theories has been hindered by the sparseness of empirical evidence. Here, we assimilate data from diverse ethnomusicological sources into a cross-cultural database of scales. We generate populations of scales based on multiple theories and assess their similarity to empirical distributions from the database. Most scales tend to include intervals which are close in size to perfect fifths (“imperfect fifths”), and packing arguments explain the salient features of the distributions. Scales are also preferred if their intervals are compressible, which may facilitate efficient communication and memory of melodies. While scales appear to evolve according to various selection pressures, the simplest, imperfect-fifths packing model best fits the empirical data.

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