Unemployment and Racial Differences in Imprisonment

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 189-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel L. Myers ◽  
William J. Sabol
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Workers ◽  
Industrial Economy ◽  
Black Unemployment ◽  
The Relationship

Conventional wisdom about the criminal justice system suggests that extralegal factors such as race or employment status should not affect sentencing outcomes. In this paper we examine an alternative model of the relationship between imprisonment and unemployment and race. The model suggests that penal practices are shaped by the labor market conditions of a system of production and that prisons, as part of a larger set of institutions providing support for economically-dependent populations, help to regulate the most superfluous group of workers in the industrial economy of the Northern states of the United States—unemployed black workers who comprise a large fraction of the pool of “reserve” workers necessary for price stability and economic expansion. We find support for the structural model that links black imprisonment (and Northern imprisonment in general) to manufacturing output and black unemployment.

Forget Homi! Creolization, Omogéneia, and the Greek Diaspora

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-88
Author(s):  
Charles Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Structural Model ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culturally Competent ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Homi Bhabha ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
American Case ◽  
Greek Americans ◽  
The Relationship

An early colonial model of creolization asked whether migrants to the New World underwent such drastic denaturing as to no longer be considered trustworthy compatriots. Homelands and their overseas colonies actively debated the moral meaning of change. In this essay, this structural model of creolization is applied to understand the relationship between the Greek state and its diaspora in the United States. That relationship has been governed by the ethnonationalist concept of omogéneia, which means “of the same génos or ancestry” but also “homogeneity.” In the twentieth century, omogeneís referred mainly to ethnic Greeks born and raised abroad and not possessing Greek citizenship. The idea of ethnic homogeneity became increasingly hard to sustain as Greek-Americans lost linguistic and cultural competence. The structural model of creolization guides the exploration of Greek homeland–diaspora negotiations of cultural and linguistic change in the American case. Greek-Americans are both ethnic Americans and diaspora Greeks at the same time. Although hybridity and creolization have been held up in postcolonial studies (e.g., Homi Bhabha) as productive of creative political agency, this study reveals a troubled dimension of creolization in the Greek diaspora. Omogéneia has implicitly become an othering term for those who are not linguistically and culturally competent according to homeland models and standards. A word that initially extended a welcome to ethnic Greeks left behind in Ottoman lands at independence in 1832 is now crumbling under the weight of its own contradictions.

scholarly journals Structural Racial Inequities in Socioeconomic Status, Urban-Rural Classification, and Infant Mortality in US Counties

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-398
Author(s):  
Jessica Owens-Young ◽  
Caryn N. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Racial Gaps ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives: Despite improvements in infant mortality rates (IMR) in the United States, racial gaps in IMR remain and may be driven by both structural racism and place. This study assesses the relationship between structural racism and race-specific IMR and the role of urban-rural classifica­tion on race-specific IMR and Black/White racial gaps in IMR.Methods: We conducted an analysis of variance tests using 2019 County Health Rankings Data to determine differences in structural racism indicators, IMR and other co-variates by urban-rural classification. We used linear regressions to determine the associations between measures of structural racism and county-level health outcomes.Results: Study results suggest that racial inequities in education, work, and home­ownership negatively impact Black IMR, especially in large fringe, medium, and small metro counties, and positively impact White IMR. Structural racism is also associated with Black-White gaps in IMR.Conclusions: Factors related to structural racism may not be homogenous or have the same impacts on overall IMR, race-specific IMR, and racial differences in IMR across places. Understanding these differential impacts can help public health profes­sionals and policymakers improve Black infant health and eliminate racial inequities in IMR. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(3):389-398; doi:10.18865/ed.30.3.389

The Relationship Between Policy, Media, and Perceptions of Sexual Offenders Between 2007 and 2017: A Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802098556
Author(s):  
Judith Zatkin ◽  
Miranda Sitney ◽  
Keith Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Psychology Theory ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
The Relationship

Sexual violence is a prominent social problem that harms many victims every year. Perpetrators of these crimes tend to exist in a binary. Some are convicted by the criminal justice system, where they face sanctions such as jail time and registration and are demonized by society. Others never face any sanctions for harm caused and are exonerated for their actions. This review examines public perceptions of sexual offenders in the United States through the institutional-level constructs of federal policy, media, and institutional myths. A review of the literature on this topic from 2007 to 2017 produced 37 relevant articles, which were placed into three categories using thematic analysis: (1) perceptions about sexual offenders and perceiver differences, (2) media about sexual offending and effects of media consumption on perceptions of offenders, and (3) support for offender policies and effects of policy on perceptions of offenders. A review of these topics reveals that there are prominent institutional myths about sexual offending. A cyclical relationship is formed, where media perpetuates institutional myths, myths drive policy, and policy leads to media reporting. This review utilizes community psychology theory to examine and interpret the literature as well as to formulate research and intervention suggestions.

scholarly journals A Brief Literature Review of Juvenile Statistics, A Comparative Analysis of Current Racial Differences Within the Criminal Justice System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip D. Clingan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Juvenile Justice ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Juvenile Justice System ◽  
The United States

Youths under 18 years get trapped into the Juvenile Justice System after being suspected of committing a delinquent or criminal act. The United States tops in Juvenile arrests in the world. States like West Virginia, Alaska, Oregon, South Dakota, and Wyoming have the highest number of juveniles. However, an estimated 2.1 million youths under 18 years were arrested in the United States during a single year. This paper aims to address the current racial differences that exist within the criminal justice system. By addressing challenges like youths of color are more likely to be committed than white youths into the juvenile system will assist in curbing racial disparity. Statistics reveal that 42% of youths in the placement holdings are black youths, even though black youths make up for 16% of youths all over the United States. In California alone, African American juveniles take 27.5% while whites take up 15%. Even though the system’s laws contain no racial bias, research shows that discrimination can occur where the system allows criminal justice officials discretion in handling offenders. Black youths take up for 15% of the total number of youths in the USA get they have the highest juvenile detentions of 42%, but it is difficult to deny these records since there is evidence like arrest and imprisonment records to back up this claim. The racial disparities exist from targeting the blacks, arrest, sentencing, imprisonment, and release. These actions promote discrimination among the black youths, and black youths are likely to get significant sentencing compared to whites for the same crimes committed. Different states in the United States have different racial disparities, California and Texas, blacks serve long sentences, unlike the whites. There are various causes of racial disparities like; some black residences are known for crime, and they have huge offence rates, unequal access to resources, judicial decisions, and racial prejudice. After the research, it was evident that racial disparity exists, and it can only be corrected by looking at the root cause of the problem widely, which is discrimination. Race plays a significant role when it comes to juvenile detentions. Youths of color are four times more probable to be detained, unlike white youths. The research designed a method of tracking racial disparities via a hypothetical juvenile jurisdiction criminal justice system. The paper will extensively dive into juvenile population characteristics, juvenile justice system structure, law enforcement, juvenile crime, juveniles in court, juveniles on probation by the state, juveniles in the correction by the state and foreign nations, and an analysis of all the findings. The extensive research will be able to answer all the questions to the problem of racial disparity.

Employment as a Social Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Exploring the Relationship Between Employment Status and Physical Health

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Hergenrather ◽  
Robert J. Zeglin ◽  
Maureen McGuire-Kuletz ◽  
Scott D. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Determinant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Social Determinant Of Health

Purpose:To explore employment as a social determinant of health through examining the relationship between employment status and physical health.Method:The authors explored the causal relationship between employment status and physical health through conducting a systematic review of 22 longitudinal studies conducted in Finland, France, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States.Results:Five common trajectories were identified as employment, unemployment, job loss, reemployment, and retired. Unemployment and job loss were associated with poorer physical health. Employment and reemployment were associated with better physical health.Conclusion:To enhance employment outcomes, it is important for service providers to acknowledge the interaction between the client’s physical health and employment status, and assess client physical functioning. Additional research is necessary to further elucidate this interaction.

A Preliminary Assessment of Stigma in Law Enforcement Officers’ Responses to Opioid Overdoses

2020 ◽  
pp. 002204262097407
Author(s):  
Nathan E. Kruis ◽  
Alida V. Merlo
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Prior work has suggested that provider-based stigma of substance use disorders may be one barrier to fighting the opioid epidemic. However, to date, provider-based stigma has been afforded little attention in the context of the criminal justice system. The goal of the current study was to extend this line of research by examining the impact of provider-based stigma toward opioid using persons to beliefs about help that should be provided to persons experiencing an overdose among a sample of 208 police officers working in departments in the Northeastern Region of the United States. In addition, this study explores the relationship between provider-based stigma and the anticipated on-duty behavioral responses to opioid overdoses. Results from multivariable analyses indicate that certain dimensions of social stigma are significantly related to officers’ perceptions of help in varying directions, along with officers’ experiences with naloxone administration and departmental policy pertaining to the use of naloxone.

scholarly journals The relationship between test preparation and state test performance: Evidence from the Measure of Effective Teaching (MET) project

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Hongli Li ◽  
Yao Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Effective Teaching ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Students ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Hispanic Students ◽  
Test Preparation ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Test ◽  
K 12 ◽  
The Relationship

The passage of the NCLB Act enhanced accountability policies in the United States, and standardized testing became prevalent as a policy tool to ensure accountability in K-12 education. Given the high stakes of state administered accountability tests, more school teachers have adopted test-preparation strategies to ensure satisfactory student performance on state tests. However, it remains unclear as to whether and how test preparation relates to students’ state test performance. In this study, by drawing on the Measure of Effective Teaching (MET) longitudinal dataset, we examined the relationship between test preparation and students’ state test performance. We found that students with lower test performance in Year 1 received more test preparation in Year 2; however, the effects of test preparation on students’ state test performance were rather small and mixed. In regard to racial differences, we found that Black and Hispanic students received more test preparation than White students. Further, the effect of test preparation measured by the item “practicing for the state test” on state test performance was significantly greater for Black and Hispanic students than for White students. The implications of the study, its limitations, and directions for future research are also discussed.

Explaining the Racial Unemployment Gap: Race, Region, and the Employment Status of Men, 1940

ILR Review ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Sundstrom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
The South ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The North ◽  
Level Data

Although the substantial and persistent gap between the unemployment rates of African-Americans and whites in the United States first emerged in aggregate statistics covering the 1940s and 1950s, disaggregation reveals that the gap already existed in urban areas before 1940. Using individual-level data on male workers from the 1940 Census, the author analyzes the causes of the unemployment gap. He finds that racial differences in measured human capital and other characteristics can explain all of the racial gap in the South but less than half of the gap in the North. This result contrasts with results from studies of wages, which have found a larger racial residual in the South than in the North.

The Relationship of Judicial and Prosecutorial Elections to the Availability of Sentencing Data in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-243
Author(s):  
Niki Hotchkiss
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
The Public ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The availability of statewide sentencing information can increase the transparency of the criminal justice system by allowing courts, practitioners, and the public to see trends and anomalies in sentencing. The existence of such information may create expectations and political pressure that affect the elections of judges and prosecutors. However, research has found that lower independence and higher accountability through elections does not necessarily come to bear as expected due to unique characteristics of judicial and prosecutorial elections. Given the potential impact of widely available sentencing data on the election of prosecutors and judges, this article examines if there is any association between the type of selection for judges and prosecutors and the availability of sentencing data. Further, it explores if there are examples of available sentencing data being used negatively during campaigns in a small sample of states. The evidence presented here suggests that concerns about decreased independence of the judiciary and malicious political use of information are not strong enough to outweigh the benefits of data availability nor have these potential problems come to bear in selected states with available sentencing data.

Sentencing for Multiple Crimes

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Criminal Offenders ◽  
Serious Crime ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Multiple Offenders

Most people assume that criminal offenders have only been convicted of a single crime. However, in reality almost half of offenders stand to be sentenced for more than one crime. The high proportion of multiple-crime offenders poses a number of practical and theoretical challenges for the criminal justice system. For instance, how should courts punish multiple offenders relative to individuals who have been sentenced for a single crime? Should a court simply determine a specific sentence for each individual crime and then impose the total sentences on the offender? If this happens, an offender convicted of a large number of crimes of low seriousness will receive a sentence comparable to that which would be appropriate to a single very serious crime. Such an outcome would violate the principle of ordinal proportionality in sentencing. This book discusses a range of questions relating to multiple crime cases from the perspective of several legal theories. It considers questions such as the overall proportionality of the crimes committed, the temporal span between the crimes, and the relationship between theories about the punitive treatment of recidivists and multiple offenders. Contributors representing six different countries and the fields of legal theory, philosophy, and psychology offer their perspectives to the volume, broadening the scope beyond that of the United States. The chapters in this volume therefore contribute to international and domestic efforts to promote a more principled approach to sentencing offenders convicted of multiple offences.

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