The Myths, Facts, and Theories of Ethnic, Small-Scale Enterprise Financing

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin M. Chen ◽  
John A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Minority Business ◽  
Black Business ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Total Capital Investment ◽  
Minority Business Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sources Of Capital

This article combines the results of three financial studies that examine capital issues affecting minority business development. The results are presented so as to explain or refute conventional wisdom regarding capital availability, cost of capital, credit market discrimination, sources of capital and differences in firm capital composition. Generally, Asian and Hispanic businesses more approximate nonminority businesses in the sources of capital, the cost of capital, total capital investment, and access to capital. Black firms, on the other hand, face credit discrimination from all sources of capital, which limits their access to capital, increases its cost, and affects firm profitability. Consequently, black firms have a smaller capital composition at startup and during operations. The only deviation from this pattern occurs where minority and nonminority financial institutions vie for black business patronage by reducing the cost of borrowing and increasing the availability of funds.

Distillation-based Separation Systems Synthesis

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christodoulos A. Floudas
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Optimal Configuration ◽  
Synthesis Problem ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Distillation Columns ◽  
Separation Systems ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Separation Sequence ◽  
The Cost

This chapter presents two applications of MINLP methods in the area of separations. Section 9.1 provides an overall introduction to the synthesis of separation systems. Section 9.2 focuses on sharp heat-integrated distillation sequencing. Section 9.3 presents an application of nonsharp separation synthesis. The synthesis of distillation-based separation sequences has been one of the most important subjects of investigation in the area of process synthesis. This is attributed to the significant contribution of separation processes to the total capital investment and operating expenses of a chemical plant. As a result, a lot of interest has been generated in the development of systematic approaches that select optimal sequences of distillation columns. Westerberg (1985) provided a comprehensive review of the distillation-based separation synthesis approaches, as well as presented a classification of different types of separation problems along with their associated challenges. Nishida et al. (1981) and Smith and Linnhoff (1988) reviewed the general separation synthesis problem (i.e., not only distillation-based) and presented the progress made. To illustrate the nature of the distillation-based separation system synthesis problem, let us consider its generic definition shown in Figure 9.1, which is as follows: . . . Given a number of input multicomponent streams which have specified amounts for each component, create a cost-optimal configuration of distillation columns, mixers, and splitters that produces a number of multicomponent products with specified composition of their components. . . The products feature components that exist in the input streams and can be obtained by redistributing the components existing in the input streams, while the cost-optimal configuration corresponds to the least total annual cost one. Most of distillation columns or sequences can be classified as (i) Sharp, (ii) Nonsharp, (iii) Simple, (iv) Complex, (v) Heat-integrated, and (vi) Thermally coupled. In (i), a column separates its feed into products without overlap in the components. An example is the separation of a stream consisting of four components A, B, (C, and D via a distillation column, into one product consisting of only A and another product featuring B, C, and D. If all columns are sharp, then the separation sequence is termed as sharp sequence.

Thermoeconomic Analysis of a Gas Turbine Plant With Fuel Decarbonization and Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bozzolo ◽  
M. Brandani ◽  
A. Traverso ◽  
A. F. Massardo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Total Capital Investment ◽  
Water Gas

In this paper the thermoeconomic analysis of gas turbine plants with fuel decarbonisation and carbon dioxide sequestration is presented. The study focuses on the amine (MEA) decarbonisation plant lay-out and design, also providing economic data about the total capital investment costs of the plant. The system is fuelled with methane that is chemically treated through a partial oxidation and a water-gas shift reactor. CO2 is captured from the resulting gas mixture, using an absorbing solution of water and MEA that is continuously re-circulated through an absorption tower and a regeneration tower: the decarbonised fuel gas is afterwards burned in the gas turbine. The heat required by CO2 sequestration is mainly recovered from the gas turbine exhausts and partially from the fuel treatment section. The reduction in efficiency and the increase in energy production costs due to fuel amine decarbonisation is evaluated and discussed for different gas turbine sizes and technologies (microturbine, small size regenerated, aeroderivative, heavy duty). The necessary level of carbon tax for a conventional plant without a fuel decarbonisation section is calculated and a comparison with the Carbon Exergy Tax procedure is carried out, showing the good agreement of the results.

Up Close: Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin, An International Neutron Research Center

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Bernd P. Maier
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Max Von Laue ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Total Capital Investment

The Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL) at Grenoble, France was formally founded in January 1967, with the signature of an intergovernmental convention between France and the Federal Republic of Germany. The aim was to provide the scientific community of the affiliated countries with a unique neutron beam facility applicable in fields such as the physics of condensed matter, chemistry, biology, nuclear physics, and materials science. The construction of the Institut and its high flux reactor was undertaken as a joint French-German project, with a total capital investment of 335 million French francs.The reactor first went critical in August 1971 and reached its full power of 57 MW for the first time in December 1971. The year 1972 saw the startup of the cold and hot sources, the first instruments, and the beginning of the experimental program.On January 1, 1973, the United Kingdom joined the Institut as a third equal partner, contributing its share to the total capital investment. In December 1986, an agreement on “Scientific Membership” for Spain was signed for a period of five years starting January 1, 1987. The ILL is a nontrading company under French civil law. The three countries are represented by the following associates: Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (W. Germany), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (France), and Science and Engineering Research Council (United Kingdom). These associates are represented on a Steering Committee which establishes the general rules of the management of the ILL.

EVAL: A methodological approach to identify NPP total capital investment cost drivers and sensitivities

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 190-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Maronati ◽  
Bojan Petrovic ◽  
Jurie J. Van Wyk ◽  
Matthew H. Kelley ◽  
Chelsea C. White
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Cost Drivers ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Total Capital Investment

scholarly journals Is capital investment in Australian hospitals effectively funding patient access to efficient public hospital care?

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda Kerr ◽  
Delia V. Hendrie
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Care ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Capital Allocation ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Patient Access ◽  
Australian Capital ◽  
Capital Funding ◽  
Efficient Hospital ◽  
The Cost

Objective This study asks ‘Is capital investment in Australian public hospitals effectively funding patient access to efficient hospital care?’ Methods The study drew information from semistructured interviews with senior health infrastructure officials, literature reviews and World Health Organization (WHO) reports. To identify which systems most effectively fund patient access to efficient hospitals, capital allocation systems for 17 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries were assessed. Results Australian government objectives (equitable access to clinically appropriate, efficient, sustainable, innovative, patient-based) for acute health services are not directly addressed within Australian capital allocation systems for hospitals. Instead, Australia retains a prioritised hospital investment system for institutionally based asset replacement and capital planning, aligned with budgetary and political priorities. Australian systems of capital allocation for public hospitals were found not to match health system objectives for allocative, productive and dynamic efficiency. Australia scored below average in funding patient access to efficient hospitals. The OECD countries most effectively funding patient access to efficient hospital care have transitioned to diagnosis-related group (DRG) aligned capital funding. Measures of effective capital allocation for hospitals, patient access and efficiency found mixed government–private–public partnerships performed poorly with inferior access to capital than DRG-aligned systems, with the worst performing systems based on private finance. Conclusion Australian capital allocation systems for hospitals do not meet Australian government standards for the health system. Transition to a diagnosis-based system of capital allocation would align capital allocation with government standards and has been found to improve patient access to efficient hospital care. What is known about the topic? Very little is known about the effectiveness of Australian capital allocation for public hospitals. In Australia, capital is rarely discussed in the context of efficiency, although poor built capital and inappropriate technologies are acknowledged as limitations to improving efficiency. Capital allocated for public hospitals by state and territory is no longer reported by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare due to problems with data reliability. International comparative reviews of capital funding for hospitals have not included Australia. Most comparative efficiency reviews for health avoid considering capital allocation. The national review of hospitals found capital allocation information makes it difficult to determine ’if we have it right’ in terms of investment for health services. Problems with capital allocation systems for public hospitals have been identified within state-based reviews of health service delivery. The Productivity Commission was unable to identify the cost of capital used in treating patients in Australian public hospitals. Instead, building and equipment depreciation plus the user cost of capital (or the cost of using the money invested in the asset) are used to estimate the cost of capital required for patient care, despite concerns about accuracy and comparability. What does this paper add? This is the first study to review capital allocation systems for Australian public hospitals, to evaluate those systems against the contemporary objectives of the health systems and to assess whether prevailing Australian allocation systems deliver funds to facilitate patient access to efficient hospital care. This is the first study to evaluate Australian hospital capital allocation and efficiency. It compares the objectives of the Australian public hospitals system (for universal access to patient-centred, efficient and effective health care) against a range of capital funding mechanisms used in comparable health systems. It is also the first comparative review of international capital funding systems to include Australia. What are the implications for practitioners? Clinical quality and operational efficiency in hospitals require access for all patients to technologically appropriate hospitals. Funding for appropriate public hospital facilities, medical equipment and information and communications technology is not connected to activity-based funding in Australia. This study examines how capital can most effectively be allocated to provide patient access to efficient hospital care for Australian public hospitals. Capital investment for hospitals that is patient based, rather than institutionally focused, aligns with higher efficiency.

scholarly journals Investment Behavior of Enterprises in 2019–2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
S. Aukutsionek
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Investment Behavior ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Total Capital Investment

The article outlines the trends of 2019 – the first half of 2020 in the field of investment behavior of enterprises. The following aspects are examined: the level of investment activity both in terms of equipment purchases and total capital investment; the rating of factors limiting capital investment; the main sources of funds for investment and principal motives to invest; the features of borrowings from banks to finance investment.

The Scale-up and Economic Evaluation of Non-Thermal Plasma Technology for a Coal Fired Power Plant Exhaust Gas Emission Control

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniko Urashima ◽  
Seock Joon Kim ◽  
Jen-Shih Chang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Plasma ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Total Capital Investment ◽  
Non Thermal Plasma

Abstract Economies of pollution control devices are critical to the decision-making in power plant emission control upgrades. The computer code (SUENTP) to predict scale up and economic evaluation of several eligible non-thermal plasma processes for power plant gaseous pollution controls was developed for electron beam, pulsed corona, and corona radical shower processes. This code was written by the spread sheet type MS Excel with visual basic for application and comprises data input procedure, scale-up (design) procedure, economic calculation procedure, and output procedures. Data obtained from pilot plant tests was used as an input data together with general data so that they might be led to the conceptual design data of commercial plants by scaleup procedure. The economic evaluation procedure consisted of the total capital investment and the total annual cost. The total capital investment was presented as the indirect annual cost in items of capital recovery. The levelized cost and the levelized bus bar cost were shown in the output table. Typical calculation was presented to evaluate the cost of three non-thermal systems based on existing pilot plant experiments. The results show that the economy of the non-thermal plasma systems are similar or less costs by compared with a conventional wet-scrubber/selective catalytic reduction combined system.

Feasibility Study of Bio-Hydrogenated Diesel (BHD) Production: A Case Study in Thailand

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
Kantama Angsana ◽  
Chaiwat Prapainainar ◽  
Phavanee Narataruksa ◽  
Hupinnyo Piyapong
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Unit Operations ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Total Capital Investment ◽  
Equipment Sizing ◽  
Process Simulator

It founded that crude palm oil, CPO, could be changed to Bio-hydrogenated Diesel, BHD, which has a potential to replace the petroleum-derived diesel. Therefore, techno-economic feasibility of BHD production for Thailand was studied with a capacity of 1 million liters per day (MLD) of BHD. In this work, a conceptual design of BHD process was developed by using process simulator, ASPEN Plus. Calculation of mass and energy balance, equipment sizing and cost estimation in five major unit operations were performed. The total capital investment was calculated and used for economic analysis to estimate the return on investment, price value and payback period. The results showed that total capital investment cost was 174.34 millions USD with 1 MLD of BHD, PBP was 5 years with 17.02% ROI. BHD price of 1.16 USD/L.

scholarly journals Investment behavior of enterprises in 2019-2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
S. Aukutsionek
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Investment Behavior ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Total Capital Investment

The article outlines the trends of 2019 – the first half of 2020 in the field of investment behavior of enterprises. There are examined: the level of investment activity both in terms of equipment purchases and total capital investment; the rating of factors limiting capital investment; the main sources of funds for investment and principal motives to invest; the features of borrowings from banks to finance investment.

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