Masses of the third- and fourth-generation quarks

17th century testaments of the Królik family from Krakow The article is dedicated to the Królik family from Krakow, who lived in the town from the late 16th century until the first years of the 18th century. The family members initially worked as tailors, later reinforcing the group of Krakow merchants in the third generation (Maciej Królik). Wojciech Królik – from the fourth generation – was a miner in Olkusz. The text omits the most distinguished member of the family, Wojciech’s oldest brother, the Krakow councillor Mikołaj Królik, whose figure has been covered in a separate work. The work shows the complicated religious relations in the family of non-Catholics, initially highly engaged in the life of the Krakow Congregation, but whose members gradually converted from Evangelism to Catholicism. As a result, Wojciech Królik and his siblings became Catholics. This work is complemented by four testaments of family members, with the first, Jakub Królik’s, being written in 1626 and the last one, Wojciech Królik’s, written in 1691.

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Univocality within Multivocality

Journal of Educational Media Memory and Society ◽

10.3167/jemms.2010.020204 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 46-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Elie Podeh

Keyword(s):

Jewish History ◽

Linear Process ◽

History Textbooks ◽

The Other ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Third Generation ◽

Gradual Improvement ◽

The Third ◽

The Past ◽

The Way

Previous research on the way in which the Arab-Israeli conflict and the image of the Arab have been presented in Jewish history and civics textbooks established that there have been three phases, each typified by its own distinctive textbooks. The shift from the first to the third generation of textbooks saw a gradual improvement in the way the Other has been described, with the elimination of many biases, distortions and omissions. This article explores whether new history textbooks, published from 2000 to 2010, have entrenched or reversed this trend. With the escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since the early 2000s, one might have expected that the past linear process of improvement would be reversed. However, textbooks written over the last decade do not substantially differ from those written in the 1990s, during the heyday of the peace process. The overall picture is, therefore, that the current textbooks do not constitute a fourth generation.

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The Third and Fourth Generation. An Introduction to Heredity.

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.1918.02600200057034 ◽

1918 ◽

Vol 70 (20) ◽

pp. 1491

Keyword(s):

Fourth Generation ◽

The Third

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Puritan Asceticism and the Type of Sacrifice

Studies in Church History ◽

10.1017/s0424208400008019 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 285-297

Author(s):

Susan Hardman

Keyword(s):

Seventeenth Century ◽

Old Testament ◽

Religious Practice ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Priesthood Of All Believers ◽

The Third ◽

Ascetic Ideal ◽

The Reformation ◽

Common Prayer ◽

The Church

The sacrificial rites of the Old Testament are ‘neither dark nor dumb, but mystical and significant, and fit to stir up the dull mind of man to the remembrance of his duty before God.’ So preached a nonconformist, Samuel Mather, in the 1660s, recalling with a deliberate or unconscious twist a phrase used in the Book of Common Prayer to defend contemporary rites of which he disapproved. The Reformation that set aside the ascetic ideal of monasticism also saw a revaluation of the place of sacrifice in the life of the Church. While its role in Protestant activity was diminished by the rejection of the Mass as a propitiatory act, teaching about the priesthood of all believers prepared for a new emphasis on the devotion and duty of Christians as ‘spiritual sacrifice’; an emphasis informed in puritanism by lessons from the types of the Old Testament. Much is known about puritan religious practice; and of puritan interest in typology, stimulated by Calvin’s conviction of the unity of the Old and New Testaments – the same covenant present in each, accommodated to the capacity of a ‘Church under age’ in Israel. But familiar themes combined can give fresh perspectives: here their combination illustrates one of the ways in which the ascetic ideal was being reformulated among protestants of the third and fourth generation in seventeenth-century England. Sacrifice was not often a dominant theme in their description of the Christian life, and yet, despite an untidiness of evidence, it is clear that certain allusions to Israelite sacrifice were conventional, part of a common rhetoric, a common and powerful imagery. Some representative examples of the conventions follow, organised around simple questions. What were ‘spiritual sacrifices’ and what practical exercises of devotion and discipline were associated with them? By what means and in what manner should they be offered?

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The capitular text of the Responsiones of pope Gregory I to St. Augustine

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History ◽

10.1017/s0022046900062801 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 231-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Margaret Deanesly

Keyword(s):

Fourth Generation ◽

Ecclesiastical History ◽

The Third ◽

Historia Ecclesiastica ◽

Pope Gregory I

In the course of an article on these Responsiones in this Journal (x. (1559) 1–49), it was suggested that a text of these replies, long known to canonists as the ‘capitular’ text, was older than that in the Historia Ecclesiastica of Bede; and, also, that the fifth Responsio in the Bedan text, which contains the long controverted permission to marry within the third and fourth generation, was an interpolation made, possibly, if not probably, by the priest Nothelm. Nothelm had corresponded with Bede over many years, and he later became archbishop of Canterbury. The writers of the article did not know at the time that Dom Paul Meyvaert had in preparation an edition of the Responsiones based on the text as found in canonical collections. The publication of this edition is much to be desired; but, meanwhile, it seems permissible to point out that the ‘capitular’ text is found in the oldest MSS. and that the Bedan text is never found in any MS. earlier than Bede's Ecclesiastical History, written in 731. If it had been, the question of priority could not, of course, have arisen.

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Differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism with highly sensitive assay of blood TTH: clinical review and practical recommendations for use in Russia and USA

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl12167 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 36-39

Author(s):

J. Figge ◽

G. A. Gerasimov

Keyword(s):

Second Generation ◽

Joint Venture ◽

The United States ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Lower Sensitivity ◽

Third Generation ◽

The Third ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

The Usa ◽

Almost All

Highly sensitive methods for determining the level of TSH, carried out using test kits of the second and third generation, make it possible to differentiate with high accuracy the normal and subnormal levels of TSH in the blood and are currently widely used to examine patients with thyroid pathology. These methods have been used for a long time in clinical practice in the United States of America, and recently they are also increasingly used in Russia. The level of TSH below normal values is determined in almost all cases of hyperthyroidism (with the exception of cases of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma or resistance of the pituitary to thyroid hormones), which makes it possible to do without additional testing with tyroliberin (TRH). Methods for determining second generation TSH usually have a lower sensitivity limit of about 0.1 mU/L. When using the third generation methods, it is possible to accurately determine the level of TSH up to 0.01 mU/L. The fourth generation methods, which are still under development, will have a lower limit of determination of 0.001 mU/L, but they are unlikely to be used for routine clinical studies in the near future. At the Endocrinology Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow, third-generation methods are currently being used for routine clinical research (the Amerlight system, produced in Russia by the Amerkard joint venture). In addition to this system, other test systems of both domestic and foreign production are also available in Russia. In the USA, methods for determining TTG of the second and third generation are used. Third-generation systems are noticeably more expensive than second-generation systems. Given that in most patients with hyperthyroidism, the TSH level is in the range of less than 0.1 mU/L, methods for determining the third generation are more preferable. In general, the normal level of TSH in the blood of individuals in a state of euthyroidism is from 0.5 to 5.0 mU/L, although there are some interlaboratory differences in the standards for the level of TSH.

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Evolution of means and principles of smallpox vaccination

Journal of NBC Protection Corps ◽

10.35825/2587-5728-2020-4-1-66-85 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 66-85

Keyword(s):

Protective Efficacy ◽

Smallpox Vaccination ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Recombinant Vaccines ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

The Third ◽

Skin Cell ◽

Virulent Strains ◽

Evolutionary Changes ◽

Permafrost Regions

There are several possible reasons for the return of smallpox as an endemic disease. For example, the possibility of maintaining smallpox virus in an active state in the corpses of the dead, buried in permafrost regions, or the evolutionary changes of orthopoxviruses with the appearance of more virulent strains. Since the eradication of smallpox, the requirements for smallpox vaccines have changed, leading to a change in the principles of smallpox vaccination. The purpose of the study is to review the evolution of means and principles of smallpox vaccination. For almost 200 years four generations of vaccine preparations have been developed. The first ones were the dermovaccines, i.e. the virus-containing detritus of calfskin. Then, chicken-embryo-skin cell cultures were used as a substrate for virus accumulation. The third generation were the vaccines based on vaccine strains at-tenuated by various methods. Fourth, DNA vaccines and subunit recombinant vaccines. One of the main contemporary principles of smallpox vaccination is safety (limited use of the vaccines of first and second generations, the development of next generations of vaccines, means and schemes of safe vaccination) while maintaining the requirements of efficiency equal to the existing vaccines. The replacement of epidemiologically tested vaccines with the third and fourth- generation drugs necessitated a comparative assessment of the protective efficacy and safety of new vaccines. It may be useful to carry out two-stage vaccination using inactivated or new safe non-replicating the third and fourth generation vaccines at the first stage

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SWEETPOTATO STORAGE ROOT MUTATIONS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.7.727b ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 727b-727

Author(s):

R. C. Sloan ◽

P. G. Thompson ◽

W. B. Burdine ◽

J. L. Main ◽

P. D. Gerard

Keyword(s):

Fourth Generation ◽

Seed Plant ◽

Storage Root ◽

Storage Roots ◽

The Third ◽

Three Generations ◽

Foundation Seed

`Beauregard' storage roots which were discarded from the Mississippi sweetpotato foundation seed program because of the presence of flesh mutations were bedded in Spring 1991. After the plants were pulled from the roots, the roots were further examined, and the flesh mutations were characterized by size and frequency. The progency from the original roots were examined for flesh mutations for three generations in 1991, 1992, and 1993. The degree of mutation in the original root did not influence the degree of mutation in succeeding generations of storage roots. In 1992 and 1993, the degree of mutation in the third and fourth generation roots did not differ from that of storage roots grown from plants from the foundation seed plant beds.

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Parameters of the seasonal cycle of Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) in the plains and foothills of the Northwestern Caucasus

Известия СПбЛТА ◽

10.21266/2079-4304.2021.236.101-128 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 101-128

Author(s):

В.И. Щуров ◽

А.С. Замотайлов

Keyword(s):

First Generation ◽

Second Generation ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Day Length ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Third Generation ◽

Degree Days ◽

The Third ◽

Female Immigrant ◽

Northwestern Caucasus

Развитие первой генерации Corythucha arcuata в предгорьях и низкогорьях Северо-Западного Кавказа начинается в первых числах мая. При нижнем пороге пост-диапаузного развития имаго +11°С и при естественной длине дня ей требуется не менее 43 суток (аккумуляция 333-404 гр.-дн.). Гибель перезимовавших самок в этой зоне наблюдается к концу июня, совпадая с сокращением общей доли самок до 2-7%. В высокогорьях перезимовавшие имаго расселяются и в июне, доживая до июля на ивах и березах. Пик выхода имаго первого поколения приходится на конец июня. Массовая яйцекладка самками первого поколения (начало второго поколения) предваряется миграцией оплодотворенных самок на новые кормовые растения. Развитие преимагиальных стадий второго поколения (без смены кормовых растений) протекает с середины июня. Метаморфоз длится не менее 16-23 суток (361-430 гр.-дн.). Пик выхода имаго второго поколения в конце июля совпадает с массовым расселением, в котором всегда преобладают самки. Третье поколение развивается в августе. Метаморфоз занимает 19-28 суток (329-350 гр.-дн.). Пик выхода имаго третьего поколения приходится на первую декаду сентября. Его предваряет более ранний выход самцов, определяемый по их локальным и региональным миграциями с конца августа. Четвертое поколение является факультативным и развивается (без смены кормовых растений) с конца августа до третьей декады сентября. Развитие преимагиальных стадий этого поколения занимает не менее 26 суток (378 гр.-дн.). Последняя миграция клопов наблюдается в начале-середине октября. Самки третьего поколения первыми уходят в места зимовки в предгорьях и низкогорьях уже в середине сентября. Здесь, в дубовых лесах, зимуют имаго третьего и четвертого поколений обычно с преобладанием самок. В среднегорьях с ними могут зимовать особи-иммигранты второго поколения, но с преобладанием самцов, сохраняющимся с сентября. Development of the first generation of Corythucha arcuata in the climate of the foothills and lowlands of the Northwest Caucasus starts in the early May. With a natural day length and the threshold for post-diapause imago development of 11 °C, it requires 333-404 degree-days and at least 43 days. The death of the overwintered females in this zone is observed by the end of June, coinciding with the reduction of the total portion of females to 2-7%. In the highlands imagoes are dispersing in June as well, surviving until July on willows and birch trees. Peak of the first-generation imago outcome occurs at the end of June. Migration of fertilized females of the first generation to new forage plants is followed by mass egg laying (i.e. beginning of the second generation). During the formation of large nests in the foothills, the flight of bugs is observed even in treeless highlands. Development of the preadult stages of the second generation (without changing feed plants) takes place starting at mid-June. Metamorphosis requires 361-430 degree-days and takes at least 16-23 days. The peak of the emergence of the second generation imagoes at the end of July coincides with their dispersal, which is also dominated by females. The third generation develops in August. It requires 329-350 degree-days and takes 19-28 days. The peak of the emergence of the G3 imagoes falls on the first third of September. It is preceded by anearlier emergence of males, determined by their mass local and regional migrations since the end of August. The fourth generation is obligated and develops (without changing feed plants) from the end of August to the end of September. It requires at least 378 degree-days and takes at least 26 days. Late nymphs resulting from female immigrant of the third generation (on new trees) give imagoes only by mid-October. The last migration of bugs is observed in early to mid-October. Imagoes of the third and fourth generations with the predominance of females hibernate in the oak forests of the foothills and low-mountain. In the midlands they may be accompanied by the overwintering immigrants of the second generation, with the predominance of males, formed in September.

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Menyoroti Sejarah Perkembangan Undang-Undang tentang Air Pengairan dan Sumber Daya Air

Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.21082/fae.v33n1.2015.33-46 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Effendi Pasandaran

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Governance ◽

Green Revolution ◽

Historical Context ◽

Bank Loan ◽

Fourth Generation ◽

Water Law ◽

Agricultural Export ◽

The Third ◽

Three Generations

English From the viewpoint of historical perspective Indonesia has experienced three generations of water law namely Algemeen Water Reglement (general water law), year 1936, Law No 11 of 1974 and Law No 7 Year 2004 on water resources. The purpose of this paper is to study factors considered as the drivers of the emergence of each generation of law. The analysis of historical context identified the dominant factors. The three generations of law are driven by various factors in response to the emerging political interests. In the first, ethical politics, development of hydraulic technology, and the interest to support agricultural export commodity are important driving factors. In the second, green revolution technologies, and the political interest to achieve rice self- sufficiency are dominant factors while that of the third is influenced by politics of bureaucracy in the aftermath of economic crisis of 1998, economic liberalization as condition for the World Bank loan, and global political pressure to implement integrated water resources management. By the cancelation of the third generation of law Indonesia is stepping toward the fourth generation of law which has to be prepared in accountable manner based on the principles of good water governance. Indonesian Dari perspektif sejarah, Indonesia telah mengalami tiga generasi undang-undang yang terkait dengan air, yaitu Algemene Water Reglement tahun 1936, Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 1974 tentang Pengairan, dan UU No. 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air. Tulisan ini bertujuan mempelajari faktor-faktor penyebab munculnya undang-undang pada setiap generasi dan mengusulkan langkah-langkah kebijakan untuk mempersiapkan undang-undang generasi keempat. Berdasarkan konteks sejarah diidentifikasi faktor-faktor dominan yang menjadi pemicu munculnya undang-undang pemicu. Ketiga generasi undang-undang tersebut dipicu oleh berbagai faktor sebagai respons terhadap berbagai kepentingan politik yang muncul. Pada generasi pertama, politik etika, perkembangan teknologi hidrolika, dan kepentingan ekspor komoditas pertanian merupakan faktor-faktor pemicu. Pada generasi kedua, teknologi revolusi hijau dan kepentingan politik mencapai swasembada beras merupakan faktor dominan, sedangkan undang-undang generasi ketiga dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan birokrasi politik pasca krisis ekonomi tahun 1998, liberalisasi ekonomi sebagai persyaratan bantuan Bank Dunia, dan tekanan politik global untuk melaksanakan pengelolaan sumber daya air terpadu. Dengan dibatalkannya undang-undang generasi ketiga, Indonesia memerlukan undang-undang generasi keempat yang perlu disiapkan dengan lebih bertanggung jawab dan didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip tata kelola air yang baik.

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