Measurement of the absolute vertical muon flux between0.76 GeV/c and1.25 GeV/c

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Ng ◽  
M. G. Thompson ◽  
M. R. Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Muon Flux ◽  
The Absolute

scholarly journals Muographic data analysis method for medium-sized rock overburden inspections

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka ◽  
Michinori Ohshiro
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Muon Flux ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Geometrical Acceptance ◽  
The Absolute

Abstract. Muographic measurements of rock overburdens are of particular interests because they can be applied to natural resources and undiscovered cave explorations, and even to searching for hidden chambers in historic architectural structures. In order to derive the absolute density distribution of the overburden, we conventionally needed to know the accurate information about the measurement conditions, e.g., the detector's geometrical acceptance, detection efficiency, measurement time, etc. in order to derive the absolute value of the transmitted muon flux. However, in many cases, it is not a simple task to accurately gauge such conditions. Open-sky muon data taken with the same detector are useful as reference data to cancel these factors, however, if the detector is not transportable, this data taking method is not feasible. In this work, we found that the transmitted muon flux will follow a linear function of the areal density along the muon path as long as the incident muon energies are below a few hundred GeV. Based on this finding, we proposed a simple analysis method that does not require detailed knowledge of the detector's conditions by combining the independently measured density information for the partial volume of the target. We anticipate that this simple method is applicable to future muographic measurements of rock overburdens.

scholarly journals Muographic data analysis method for medium-sized rock overburden inspections

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka ◽  
Michinori Ohshiro
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Muon Flux ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Geometrical Acceptance ◽  
The Absolute

Abstract. Muographic measurements of rock overburdens are of particular interest because they can be applied to natural resources and undiscovered cave explorations, and even to searching for hidden chambers in historic architectural structures. In order to derive the absolute density distribution of the overburden, we conventionally needed to know accurate information about the measurement conditions, e.g., the detector's geometrical acceptance, detection efficiency, and measurement time, in order to derive the absolute value of the transmitted muon flux. However, in many cases, it is not a simple task to accurately gauge such conditions. Open-sky muon data taken with the same detector are useful as reference data to cancel these factors; however, if the detector is not transportable, this data taking method is not feasible. In this work, we found that the transmitted muon flux will follow a simple function of the areal density along the muon path as long as the incident muon energies are below a few hundred GeV. Based on this finding, we proposed a simple analysis method that does not require detailed knowledge of the detector's conditions by combining the independently measured density information for the partial volume of the target. We anticipate that this simple method is applicable to future muographic measurements of rock overburdens.

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

A Quantitative Ultrastructural Study of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Containing Parallel Tubular Arrays in Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalo-Virus Mononucleosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
C. M. Payne ◽  
P. M. Tennican
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Tubular Arrays

In the normal peripheral circulation there exists a sub-population of lymphocytes which is ultrastructurally distinct. This lymphocyte is identified under the electron microscope by the presence of cytoplasmic microtubular-like inclusions called parallel tubular arrays (PTA) (Figure 1), and contains Fc-receptors for cytophilic antibody. In this study, lymphocytes containing PTA (PTA-lymphocytes) were quantitated from serial peripheral blood specimens obtained from two patients with Epstein -Barr Virus mononucleosis and two patients with cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. This data was then correlated with the clinical state of the patient.It was determined that both the percentage and absolute number of PTA- lymphocytes was highest during the acute phase of the illness. In follow-up specimens, three of the four patients' absolute lymphocyte count fell to within normal limits before the absolute PTA-lymphocyte count.In one patient who was followed for almost a year, the absolute PTA- lymphocyte count was consistently elevated (Figure 2). The estimation of absolute PTA-lymphocyte counts was determined to be valid after a morphometric analysis of the cellular areas occupied by PTA during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease revealed no statistical differences.

Polarity Determination in Sphalerite and Wurtzite Structures

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Stuart McKernan ◽  
C. Barry Carter
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
Polar Material ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Dynamical Interaction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Polarity Determination ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

The determination of the absolute polarity of a polar material is often crucial to the understanding of the defects which occur in such materials. Several methods exist by which this determination may be performed. In bulk, single-domain specimens, macroscopic techniques may be used, such as the different etching behavior, using the appropriate etchant, of surfaces with opposite polarity. X-ray measurements under conditions where Friedel’s law (which means that the intensity of reflections from planes of opposite polarity are indistinguishable) breaks down can also be used to determine the absolute polarity of bulk, single-domain specimens. On the microscopic scale, and particularly where antiphase boundaries (APBs), which separate regions of opposite polarity exist, electron microscopic techniques must be employed. Two techniques are commonly practised; the first [1], involves the dynamical interaction of hoLz lines which interfere constructively or destructively with the zero order reflection, depending on the crystal polarity. The crystal polarity can therefore be directly deduced from the relative intensity of these interactions.

516: A Simplified Method to Estimate the Absolute Renal Uptake of 99MTC-DMSA: Evaluation with a New Model using the Radioactivity of Nephrectomy Specimens as Reference

2005 ◽  
Vol 173 (4S) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Mariana Lima ◽  
Celso D. Ramos ◽  
Sérgio Q. Brunetto ◽  
Marcelo Lopes de Lima ◽  
Carla R.M. Sansana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Model ◽  
Renal Uptake ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
The Absolute

Translocation Relative to Range

Methodology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Höfler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Difference ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Variance Parameters ◽  
Standardized Index ◽  
Maximum Possible Magnitude

A standardized index for effect intensity, the translocation relative to range (TRR), is discussed. TRR is defined as the difference between the expectations of an outcome under two conditions (the absolute increment) divided by the maximum possible amount for that difference. TRR measures the shift caused by a factor relative to the maximum possible magnitude of that shift. For binary outcomes, TRR simply equals the risk difference, also known as the inverse number needed to treat. TRR ranges from –1 to 1 but is – unlike a correlation coefficient – a measure for effect intensity, because it does not rely on variance parameters in a certain population as do effect size measures (e.g., correlations, Cohen’s d). However, the use of TRR is restricted on outcomes with fixed and meaningful endpoints given, for instance, for meaningful psychological questionnaires or Likert scales. The use of TRR vs. Cohen’s d is illustrated with three examples from Psychological Science 2006 (issues 5 through 8). It is argued that, whenever TRR applies, it should complement Cohen’s d to avoid the problems related to the latter. In any case, the absolute increment should complement d.

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