An upper limit to the existence of charges (2/3)e in the cosmic radiation at 500 m above sea level

1965 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Massam ◽  
Th. Muller ◽  
A. Zichichi
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Upper Limit

Energy expenditure during load carriage at high altitude

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cymerman ◽  
K. B. Pandolf ◽  
A. J. Young ◽  
J. T. Maher
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Specific Exercise ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Predicted Values

To determine the applicability of a prediction equation for energy expenditure during load carriage at high altitude that was previously validated at sea level, oxygen uptake (Vo2) was determined in five young men at 4,300 m while they walked with backpack loads of 0, 15, and 30 kg at treadmill grades of 0,8, and 16% at 1.12 m.s-1 for 10 min. Mean +/- SE maximal Vo2, determined on the cycle ergometer, was 42.2 +/- 2.3 at sea level and 35.6 +/- 1.7 ml.kg-1 .min-1 at altitude. There were no significant differences in daily Vo2 at any specific exercise intensity on days 1, 5, and 9 of exposure, nor were there any differences in endurance times at the two most difficult exercise intensities. Endurance times for 15- and 30-kg loads at 16% grade were 7.3 and 4.2 min, respectively. Measured energy expenditure was compared with that predicted by the formula of Pandolf et al. (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 43: 577–581, 1977) and found to be significantly different. The differences could be attributed to measurements at metabolic rates exceeding 730 W or 2.1 1.min-1 Vo2. These data indicate that the prediction equation can be used at altitude for exercise intensities not exceeding this upper limit. The observed deviations from predicted values at the high exercise intensities could possibly be attributed to the occurrence of appreciable oxygen deficits and the inability to achieve steady-state conditions.

Geomagnetic effects of the μ meson component of cosmic radiation at sea level

1954 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. Quercia ◽  
B. Rispoli
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Radiation

scholarly journals On the nuclear forces and the magnetic moments of the neutron and the proton

1938 ◽  
Vol 166 (924) ◽  
pp. 154-177 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Decay Constant ◽  
Magnetic Moments ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Approximate Theory ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Hard Component ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
Upper Limit

It was first suggested by Heisenberg that the forces between a proton and a neutron are connected with an exchange of charge between the two heavy particles. This exchange nature of the neutron-proton forces is now generally accepted. It would follow from this assumption that in suitable circumstances a proton (neutron) could emit a positively (negatively) charged particle transforming itself into a neutron (proton). At first sight it seemed that the emission of positive or negative electrons in the β -decay could in this way be made responsible for the nuclear forces. This was, in fact, suggested by Iwanenko (1934) and Tamm (1934). It has also been pointed out by Wick (1935) that the virtual emission of β -electrons might explain the values of the magnetic moments of the proton and the neutron. These theories, however, were not successful. The nuclear forces, for instance, turn out to be too small by a factor of more than 10 10 and have far too small a range; this is due to the fact that the β -decay constant is extremely small. Since the β -decay is a process which, in nuclear dimensions, takes “geological ages”, one might think that the ordinary properties of the heavy particles have no direct connexion with this process and that an approximate theory of the nuclear forces should be possible without the inclusion of the β -decay. A new hope for such an “exchange theory” of the properties of nuclei is offered by the probable existence of a hitherto unknown type of particle constituting the hard component of cosmic radiation. Since these particles do not lose much energy by radiation, it has been suggested by Neddermeyer and Anderson (1937) that they are (positive and negative) “heavy electrons” with a mass between that of an electron and a proton. From cosmic-ray data the mass of these particles can hardly be determined yet, but it can be limited to values between 3 and 300 electron masses. There are, however, some arguments favouring a mass nearer to the upper limit of 100-200 electron masses.

III. Cosmic-ray latitude survey in Western USA and Hawaii in summer, 1966

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
pp. 2057-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Carmichael ◽  
M. A. Shea ◽  
R. W. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Neutron Monitor ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Measuring Equipment ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Western Usa ◽  
Secular Variations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Different Levels

A 3-NM-64 neutron monitor and a 2-MT-64 muon monitor were operated at 29 sites near sea level and on mountains on the western seaboard of the USA and in Hawaii in May, June, and July, 1966, in continuation of the latitude survey begun in 1965 and reported in papers I and II of this set of five papers. The original results and also the corrections for temperature structure of the atmosphere and for secular variations of the cosmic radiation are given in detail. While the overland equipment was at its highest altitude on Mt. Hood (2.4 GV) and on the summits of Mt. Palomar (5.7 GV) and Mt. Haleakela (13.3 GV), an airborne neutron monitor was operated at seven different levels between 3000 m and 12 000 m. The pressure-measuring equipment and also the neutron monitor in the aircraft were calibrated in terms of the overland instruments while the aircraft was at the same altitude as the overland equipment on the summit of Mt. Haleakela.

scholarly journals Momentum Distribution and Charge Ratio of µ?Mesons at Zenith Angles in the East?West Plane

1954 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Moroney ◽  
JK Parry
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Momentum Distribution ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Geomagnetic Latitude ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Momentum Range ◽  
East West

The momentum distribution and charge ratio of the penetrating component of the cosmic radiation at sea-level have been determined over the 'momentum range- 0�24-58 BeVlc at a geomagnetic latitude of 47 oS. The measurements were performed in the vertical direction and at zenith angles of 30� and 60� in the eastern and western azimuths.

scholarly journals An Estimate of the Flux of Free Quarks in High Energy Cosmic Radiation

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
CBA McCusker
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Earth’S Crust ◽  
Calculated Concentration ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Earth's Crust

The flux of quarks in air shower cores at sea level is estimated from four different types of experiments. All four estimates agree and yield a quark flux of 8 x 10-12 cm-2 s- 1 sr- 1 ? The calculated concentration of quarks in the Earth's crust resulting from this flux is compared with that found in niobium in the Stanford quark search.

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