Characteristics of the mean water vapor transport over monsoon asia

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Lan
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Monsoon Asia ◽  
The Mean

scholarly journals Dropsonde Observations of Total Integrated Water Vapor Transport within North Pacific Atmospheric Rivers

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2577-2596 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Ralph ◽  
S. F. Iacobellis ◽  
P. J. Neiman ◽  
J. M. Cordeira ◽  
J. R. Spackman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Amazon River ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Aircraft dropsonde observations provide the most comprehensive measurements to date of horizontal water vapor transport in atmospheric rivers (ARs). The CalWater experiment recently more than tripled the number of ARs probed with the required measurements. This study uses vertical profiles of water vapor, wind, and pressure obtained from 304 dropsondes across 21 ARs. On average, total water vapor transport (TIVT) in an AR was 4.7 × 108 ± 2 × 108 kg s−1. This magnitude is 2.6 times larger than the average discharge of liquid water from the Amazon River. The mean AR width was 890 ± 270 km. Subtropical ARs contained larger integrated water vapor (IWV) but weaker winds than midlatitude ARs, although average TIVTs were nearly the same. Mean TIVTs calculated by defining the lateral “edges” of ARs using an IVT threshold versus an IWV threshold produced results that differed by less than 10% across all cases, but did vary between the midlatitudes and subtropical regions.

scholarly journals Dropsonde Observations in Low-Level Jets over the Northeastern Pacific Ocean from CALJET-1998 and PACJET-2001: Mean Vertical-Profile and Atmospheric-River Characteristics

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 889-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Martin Ralph ◽  
Paul J. Neiman ◽  
Richard Rotunno
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Vertical Shear ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
The Mean

Dropsonde observations are used to document the mean vertical profiles of kinematic and thermodynamic conditions in the pre-cold-frontal low-level-jet (LLJ) region of extratropical cyclones over the eastern Pacific Ocean. This is the region within storms that is responsible not only for the majority of heavy rainfall induced by orography when such storms strike the coast, but also for almost all meridional water vapor transport at midlatitudes. The data were collected from NOAA’s P-3 aircraft in 10 storms during the California Land-falling Jets Experiment (CALJET) of 1998 and in 7 storms during the Pacific Land-falling Jets Experiment (PACJET) of 2001. The mean position of the dropsondes was 500 km offshore, well upstream of orographic influences. The availability of data from two winters that were characterized by very different synoptic regimes and by differing phases of ENSO—that is, El Niño in 1998 and La Niña in 2001—allowed examination of interannual variability. The composite pre-cold-frontal profiles reveal a well-defined LLJ at 1.0-km altitude with a wind speed of 23.4 m s−1 and a wind direction of 216.7°, as well as vertical shear characteristic of warm advection. The composite thermodynamic conditions were also documented, with special attention given to moist static stability due to the nearly saturated conditions that were prevalent. Although the dry static stability indicated very stable conditions (4.5 K km−1), the moist static stability was approximately zero up to 2.8-km altitude. Although the composite winds, temperatures, and water vapor mixing ratios in 2001 differed markedly from 1998, the moist static stability remained near zero from the surface up to 2.8–3.0-km altitude for both seasons. Hence, orographic precipitation enhancement is favored in this sector of the storm, regardless of the phase of ENSO. The dropsonde data were also used to characterize the depth and strength of atmospheric rivers, which are responsible for most of the meridional water vapor transport at midlatitudes. The vertically integrated along-river water vapor fluxes averaged 525 × 105 kg s−1 (assuming a 100-km-wide swath), while the meridional and zonal components were 387 × 105 kg s−1 and 302 × 105 kg s−1, respectively. Although the composite meridional transport in 2001 was less than half that in 1998 (230 × 105 kg s−1 versus 497 × 105 kg s−1), the characteristic scale height of the meridional water vapor transport remained constant; that is, 75% of the transport occurred below 2.25-km altitude.

scholarly journals Extreme Floods in the Eastern Part of Europe: Large-Scale Drivers and Associated Impacts

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1122
Author(s):  
Monica Ionita ◽  
Viorica Nagavciuc
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Large Scale Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Events

The role of the large-scale atmospheric circulation in producing heavy rainfall events and floods in the eastern part of Europe, with a special focus on the Siret and Prut catchment areas (Romania), is analyzed in this study. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the socio-economic impacts of the most extreme flood events (e.g., July 2008, June–July 2010, and June 2020) is given. Analysis of the largest flood events indicates that the flood peaks have been preceded up to 6 days in advance by intrusions of high Potential Vorticity (PV) anomalies toward the southeastern part of Europe, persistent cut-off lows over the analyzed region, and increased water vapor transport over the catchment areas of Siret and Prut Rivers. The vertically integrated water vapor transport prior to the flood peak exceeds 300 kg m−1 s−1, leading to heavy rainfall events. We also show that the implementation of the Flood Management Plan in Romania had positive results during the 2020 flood event compared with the other flood events, when the authorities took several precaution measurements that mitigated in a better way the socio-economic impact and risks of the flood event. The results presented in this study offer new insights regarding the importance of large-scale atmospheric circulation and water vapor transport as drivers of extreme flooding in the eastern part of Europe and could lead to a better flood forecast and flood risk management.

scholarly journals Analysis of Intense Poleward Water Vapor Transports into High Latitudes of Western North America

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1732-1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Roberge ◽  
John R. Gyakum ◽  
Eyad H. Atallah
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
North America ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Subtropical Oceans ◽  
Pineapple Express

Abstract Significant cool season precipitation along the western coast of North America is often associated with intense water vapor transport (IWVT) from the Pacific Ocean during favorable synoptic-scale flow regimes. These relatively narrow and intense regions of water vapor transport can originate in either the tropical or subtropical oceans, and sometimes have been referred to as Pineapple Express events in previous literature when originating near Hawaii. However, the focus of this paper will be on diagnosing the synoptic-scale signatures of all significant water vapor transport events associated with poleward moisture transport impacting the western coast of Canada, regardless of the exact points of origin of the associated atmospheric river. A trajectory analysis is used to partition the events as a means of creating coherent and meaningful synoptic-scale composites. The results indicate that these IWVT events can be clustered by the general area of origin of the majority of the saturated parcels impacting British Columbia and the Yukon Territories. IWVT events associated with more zonal trajectories are characterized by a strong and mature Aleutian low, whereas IWVT events associated with more meridional trajectories are often characterized by an anticyclone situated along the California or Oregon coastline, and a relatively mature poleward-traveling cyclone, commonly originating in the central North Pacific.

A Theoretical Model of Localized Heat and Water Vapor Transport in the Human Respiratory Tract

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Hanna ◽  
P. W. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract

A steady-state, one-dimensional theoretical model of human respiratory heat and water vapor transport is developed. Local mass transfer coefficients measured in a cast replica of the upper respiratory tract are incorporated into the model along with heat transfer coefficients determined from the Chilton-Colburn analogy and from data in the literature. The model agrees well with reported experimental measurements and predicts that the two most important parameters of the human air-conditioning process are: 1) the blood temperature distribution along the airway walls, and 2) the total cross-sectional area and perimeter of the nasal cavity. The model also shows that the larynx and pharynx can actually gain water over a respiratory cycle and are the regions of the respiratory tract most subject to drying. With slight modification, the model can be used to investigate respiratory heat and water vapor transport in high stress environments, pollutant gas uptake in the respiratory tract, and the connection between respiratory air-conditioning and the function of the mucociliary escalator.

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