Straight-chain alkylbenzenes: Structure and performance property relations III. Light-duty dishwashing formulations

1966 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Anstett ◽  
P. A. Munger ◽  
Joseph Rubinfeld
Keyword(s):  
Straight Chain ◽  
Performance Property ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
And Performance

Effects of B20 on Combustion, Emissions and Performance of a Light-Duty Diesel Engine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M. Peterson ◽  
Po-I Lee ◽  
Ming-Chia Lai ◽  
Ming-Cheng Wu ◽  
Craig L. DiMaggio
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Noise ◽  
Low Temperature Combustion ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
White Grease ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Di Diesel Engine ◽  
And Performance

This paper compares 20% bio-diesel (B20-choice white grease) fuel with baseline ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel on the performance of combustion and emissions of a light-duty 4-cylinder 2.8-liter common-rail DI diesel engine. The results show that operating the engine in the Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) regime produces lower PM and NOx with a slight penalty in fuel consumption, THC, and CO emissions. B20, in general, produces less soot. A slight increase in NOx emissions is shown with B20 compared to ULSD, with an exception at the high speed point where B20 has lower NOx values. In addition, the performance and emission characteristics are investigated as a function of the ECU injection strategy. The addition of pilot injections is found to effectively reduce combustion noise and extends the injection retard window to reach LTC combustion regimes with acceptable noise level for LD diesel engines.

scholarly journals Optimal and prototype dimensioning of 48V P0+P4 hybrid drivetrains

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Matthias Werra ◽  
Axel Sturm ◽  
Ferit Küçükay
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Machine ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This paper presents a virtual toolchain for the optimal concept and prototype dimensioning of 48 V hybrid drivetrains. First, this toolchain is used to dimension the drivetrain components for a 48 V P0+P4 hybrid which combines an electric machine in the belt drive of the internal combustion engine and a second electric machine at the rear axle. On an optimal concept level, the power and gear ratios of the electric components in the 48 V system are defined for the best fuel consumption and performance. In the second step, the optimal P0+P4 drivetrain is simulated with a prototype model using a realistic rule-based operating strategy to determine realistic behavior in legal cycles and customer operation. The optimal variant shows a fuel consumption reduction in the Worldwide harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle of 13.6 % compared to a conventional vehicle whereas the prototype simulation shows a relatively higher savings potential of 14.8 %. In the prototype simulation for customer operation, the 48 V hybrid drivetrain reduces the fuel consumption by up to 24.6 % in urban areas due to a high amount of launching and braking events. Extra-urban and highway areas show fuel reductions up to 11.6 % and 4.2 %, respectively due to higher vehicle speed and power requirements. The presented virtual toolchain can be used to combine optimal concept dimensioning with close to reality behaviour simulations to maximise realistic statements and minimize time effort.

scholarly journals Bio-Composites Consisting of Cellulose Nanofibers and Na+ Montmorillonite Clay: Morphology and Performance Property

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runzhou Huang ◽  
Xian Zhang ◽  
Huiyuan Li ◽  
Dingguo Zhou ◽  
Qinglin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Performance Property ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Networking Ability ◽  
Apparent Activation Energies ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Cnf Films ◽  
Degradation Properties

This paper reports the usage of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as a continuous nanoporous matrix and nanoclay (NC) as additive to fabricate hybrid films. CNF/Cloisite Na+ nanoclay composite films containing 10–50 wt % of NC were prepared for the study. The effects of NC incorporation and its content on mechanical, wettability and thermal degradation properties were investigated. The results showed that the film had a multilayer structure with gradually deposited CNT-NC hybrid on the filter paper Pure CNF films had higher moduli compared with those from the composite films, as the incorporation of NC decreased hydrogen bonding and networking ability of CNFs, especially at the high NC loading levels. The composite films demonstrated self-extinguishing ability when being exposed to the open flame. Composites with over 35 wt % NC did not burn because of the formation of a protective barrier containing ordered NC platelets. The addition of montmorillonite NC led to increased surface water contact angle, showing enhanced hydrophobicity of the material. During the film’s thermal pyrolysis, the first process occurred between 100 and 200 °C, resulting mainly from the evaporation of absorbed water; the second, between 280 and 350 °C, indicated thermal decomposition of cellulose; and the slow third stage happened from the 350 to 600 °C, representing carbonization. The results demonstrate that the apparent activation energies for all the CNF/NC composites were higher than the pure CNF film. CNF/NC films fabricated in this process are a promising barrier material for packaging applications.

Effects of various Mg/Si ratios on microstructure and performance property of Al-Mg-Si alloy cables

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuexuan Xu ◽  
Zhao Yang ◽  
Yulong Ye ◽  
Guangxu Wang ◽  
Xiaolong He
Keyword(s):  
Performance Property ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Microstructure And Performance
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